Staub C, Marset M, Mino A, Mangin P
Institut Universitaire de Médecine Légale, 9 Avenue de Champel, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
Clin Chem. 2001 Feb;47(2):301-7.
Acetylcodeine (AC), an impurity of illicit heroin synthesis, has been suggested as an interesting biomarker of illicit heroin use.
Procedures were developed for quantification of (a) morphine, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-AM), and codeine in urine and (b) diacetylmorphine and AC in urine. Solid-phase extraction of the analytes was performed, and the extracted analytes were analyzed by selected-ion monitoring with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This procedure required prior derivatization with propionic anhydride.
Different validation parameters were determined, such as linearity, reproducibility, extraction recoveries, and cutoffs. Seventy-one urine specimens of illicit heroin abusers and 44 urine specimens of subjects in a heroin maintenance program were analyzed. AC was detected in 85.9% of the samples of the first group but not in any of the samples from subjects taking medical heroin. In the two groups, there were 94.4% and 84.1% 6-AM positive urine specimens, respectively. Detection times were determined for AC and codeine by parallel administration of heroin containing various percentages of AC to four voluntary patients in a heroin maintenance program. The measured detection times were 8 and 23 h for AC and codeine, respectively.
These results indicate that, together with detection of 6-AM in urine, AC is a suitable marker of illicit heroin use.
乙酰可待因（AC）是非法海洛因合成的一种杂质，被认为是非法使用海洛因的一个有趣的生物标志物。
开发了用于定量检测（a）尿液中吗啡、6-单乙酰吗啡（6-AM）和可待因，以及（b）尿液中双乙酰吗啡和AC的程序。对分析物进行固相萃取，并用气相色谱-质谱联用仪的选择离子监测模式对萃取后的分析物进行分析。该程序需要先用丙酸酐进行衍生化。
确定了不同的验证参数，如线性、重现性、萃取回收率和临界值。分析了71份非法海洛因滥用者的尿液样本和44份参加海洛因维持治疗项目的受试者的尿液样本。在第一组样本中，85.9%检测到AC，而服用医用海洛因的受试者的样本中均未检测到。两组中，6-AM阳性尿液样本分别为94.4%和84.1%。通过向海洛因维持治疗项目中的4名自愿患者并行给予含有不同AC百分比的海洛因，确定了AC和可待因的检测时间。测得的AC和可待因的检测时间分别为8小时和23小时。
这些结果表明，与尿液中6-AM的检测结果一起，AC是非法使用海洛因的合适标志物。
