Gentilucci M, Benuzzi F, Bertolani L, Gangitano M
Istituto di Fisiologia Umana, Università di Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43100 Parma, Italy.
Neuropsychologia. 2001;39(2):132-9. doi: 10.1016/s0028-3932(00)00102-0.
The aim of the present study was to determine whether children like adults (Gentilucci M, Chieffi S, Daprati E, Saetti MC, Toni I. Visual illusion and action. Neuropsychologia 1996;34:369-76; Gentilucci M, Daprati E, Gangitano M, Toni I. Eye position tunes the contribution of allocentric and egocentric information to target localisation in human goal directed arm movements. Neurosci Lett 1997;222:123-6) are influenced by visual illusions when they transform visual information in motor command. Children and adults pointed to a shaft extremity of the Müller-Lyer configurations, as well as to an extremity of a control configuration. Movements were executed in two experimental conditions. In the vision condition subjects saw both the stimulus and their hand before and during movement. In the no vision (memory) condition subjects saw the stimulus and their hand before, but not during movement. Movement started 5 s after vision was precluded. The Müller-Lyer illusion affected pointing kinematics of both children and adults. As found previously (Gentilucci M, Chieffi S, Daprati E, Saetti MC, Toni I. Visual illusion and action. Neuropsychologia 1996;34:369-76; Gentilucci M, Daprati E, Gangitano M, Toni I. Eye position tunes the contribution of allocentric and egocentric information to target localisation in human goal directed arm movements. Neurosci Lett 1997;222:123-6), subjects undershot and overshot the shaft extremity of the closed and of the open configuration, respectively. The illusion effect was greater in the no vision than in the vision condition. These results show that in children like in adults the system underlying visual perception in an object-centered frame of reference and that involved in motor control functionally interact with each other. Although the processes of target localisation were the same, the transformation of target position information in a sequence of motor patterns was different in children from that in adults. Even if both children and adults lengthened duration of the deceleration phase in the vision condition, only adults shortened duration of the acceleration phase in order to maintain constant movement time (Viviani P, Schneider R. A developmental study of the relationship between geometry and kinematics in drawing movements. J Exp Psychol 1991;17:198-218). This result suggests that children are yet unable to co-ordinate temporally acceleration with deceleration phase.
本研究的目的是确定儿童是否像成年人一样（Gentilucci M, Chieffi S, Daprati E, Saetti MC, Toni I. 视觉错觉与动作。《神经心理学》1996年；34:369 - 76；Gentilucci M, Daprati E, Gangitano M, Toni I. 眼睛位置调节以自我为中心和以他我为中心的信息对人类目标导向手臂运动中目标定位的贡献。《神经科学快报》1997年；222:123 - 6）在将视觉信息转化为运动指令时受到视觉错觉的影响。儿童和成年人分别指向米勒 - 莱尔图形的轴端以及一个对照图形的端点。在两种实验条件下执行动作。在视觉条件下，受试者在动作之前和期间都能看到刺激物和他们的手。在无视觉（记忆）条件下，受试者在动作之前能看到刺激物和他们的手，但在动作期间看不到。在视觉被阻断5秒后开始动作。米勒 - 莱尔错觉影响了儿童和成年人的指向运动学。如先前发现的那样（Gentilucci M, Chieffi S, Daprati E, Saetti MC, Toni I. 视觉错觉与动作。《神经心理学》1996年；34:369 - 76；Gentilucci M, Daprati E, Gangitano M, Toni I. 眼睛位置调节以自我为中心和以他我为中心的信息对人类目标导向手臂运动中目标定位的贡献。《神经科学快报》1997年；222:123 - 6），受试者分别低估和高估了封闭和开放图形的轴端。错觉效应在无视觉条件下比在视觉条件下更大。这些结果表明，儿童和成年人一样，以物体为中心的参考框架中的视觉感知系统与参与运动控制的系统在功能上相互作用。尽管目标定位过程相同，但儿童将目标位置信息转化为一系列运动模式的方式与成年人不同。即使儿童和成年人在视觉条件下都延长了减速阶段的持续时间，但只有成年人缩短了加速阶段的持续时间以保持运动时间恒定（Viviani P, Schneider R. 绘画动作中几何与运动学关系的发展研究。《实验心理学杂志》1991年；17:198 - 218）。这一结果表明儿童尚无法在时间上协调加速阶段和减速阶段。
