Gerhardt K J, Abrams R M
Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Florida, 338 Dauer Hall, Box 117420, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
J Perinatol. 2000 Dec;20(8 Pt 2):S21-30. doi: 10.1038/sj.jp.7200446.
Sounds in the environment of a pregnant woman penetrate the tissues and fluids surrounding the fetal head and stimulate the inner ear through a bone conduction route. The sounds available to the fetus are dominated by low-frequency energy, whereas energy above 0.5 kHz is attenuated by 40 to 50 dB. The fetus easily detects vowels, whereas consonants, which are higher in frequency and less intense than vowels, are largely unavailable. Rhythmic patterns of music are probably detected, but overtones are missing. A newborn human shows preference for his/her mother's voice and to musical pieces to which he/she was previously exposed, indicating a capacity to learn while in utero. Intense, sustained noises or impulses produce changes in the hearing of the fetus and damage inner and outer hair cells within the cochlea. The damage occurs in the region of the inner ear that is stimulated by low-frequency sound energy.
孕妇所处环境中的声音穿透胎儿头部周围的组织和液体，并通过骨传导途径刺激内耳。胎儿所能听到的声音以低频能量为主，而高于0.5千赫兹的能量会衰减40至50分贝。胎儿很容易察觉到元音，而频率较高且强度低于元音的辅音则基本听不到。音乐的节奏模式可能会被察觉到，但泛音则听不到。新生儿表现出对其母亲声音以及他/她之前听过的音乐作品的偏好，这表明胎儿在子宫内就具有学习能力。强烈、持续的噪音或脉冲会使胎儿的听力发生变化，并损害耳蜗内的内、外毛细胞。损伤发生在内耳中由低频声能刺激的区域。
