Jopling D A
Department of Philosophy, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
J Clin Psychol. 2001 Jan;57(1):19-36. doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(200101)57:1<19::aid-jclp4>3.0.co;2-z.
It is widely believed that the insight-oriented psychotherapies provide their clients with valid methods of self-exploration that lead to bona fide self-knowledge. It also is widely believed that clients' insights must be true in order to be therapeutically effective. Both these claims are implausible. I argue that because clients face significant epistemic pressures in the therapeutic encounter, the insight-oriented psychotherapies are highly susceptible to generating placebo insights, that is, illusions, deceptions, and adaptive self-misunderstandings that convincingly mimic veridical insight but have no genuine explanatory power. The insight-oriented psychotherapies also are highly susceptible to generating therapeutic artefacts that appear to confirm the insights acquired by clients. The powerful treatment methods to which clients are subjected generate some of the very psychological and behavioral facts that clients claim to "discover" in their explorations. This impugns the scientific status of the insight-oriented psychotherapies.
人们普遍认为，洞察取向的心理治疗为来访者提供了有效的自我探索方法，从而带来真正的自我认知。人们还普遍认为，来访者的洞察必须是真实的，才能在治疗上有效。这两种说法都不太可信。我认为，由于来访者在治疗过程中面临重大的认知压力，洞察取向的心理治疗极易产生安慰剂式洞察，即错觉、欺骗和适应性自我误解，这些令人信服地模仿了真实洞察，但没有真正的解释力。洞察取向的心理治疗也极易产生治疗假象，这些假象似乎证实了来访者获得的洞察。来访者所接受的强有力的治疗方法产生了一些来访者声称在探索中 “发现” 的心理和行为事实。这损害了洞察取向心理治疗的科学地位。
