Machin K L
Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. karen.machin@.usask.ca
Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2001 Jan;4(1):19-33. doi: 10.1016/s1094-9194(17)30048-8.
Pain perception and appropriate behavioral responses are important for survival. The conservation of the opioid ligand and receptor suggests evolution of opioid receptors mediating antinociception throughout vertebrate phylogeny. Fish, amphibians, and reptiles have appropriate neurologic components, display the appropriate behavior in response to a painful stimulus, and possess antinociceptive mechanisms to modulate pain. Because pain perception in these species is therefore likely to be analogous to that of mammals, invasive and painful procedures should always be accompanied by appropriate analgesia and anesthesia. Although specific doses have not been established in clinical trials, clinicians should attempt to provide lower vertebrates with appropriate analgesia during painful procedures. Further experimental and clinical investigations are necessary to expand the current veterinary literature in the area of pain and analgesia in lower vertebrates such as fish, amphibians, and reptiles.
疼痛感知和适当的行为反应对生存至关重要。阿片类配体和受体的保守性表明，在整个脊椎动物系统发育过程中，介导镇痛作用的阿片类受体在不断进化。鱼类、两栖类和爬行类具有适当的神经学组成部分，对疼痛刺激表现出适当的行为，并拥有调节疼痛的镇痛机制。因此，由于这些物种的疼痛感知可能与哺乳动物相似，侵入性和疼痛性操作应始终伴有适当的镇痛和麻醉。尽管临床试验中尚未确定具体剂量，但临床医生在进行疼痛性操作时应尝试为低等脊椎动物提供适当的镇痛。有必要进行进一步的实验和临床研究，以扩充当前关于鱼类、两栖类和爬行类等低等脊椎动物疼痛与镇痛领域的兽医文献。
