Stevens Craig W
Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Oklahoma State University-Center for Health Sciences, 1111 West 17th Street, Tulsa, OK 74107, USA.
Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2011 Jan;14(1):33-44. doi: 10.1016/j.cvex.2010.09.007.
Preclinical studies of analgesia in amphibians or recommendations for clinical use of analgesics in amphibian species are extremely limited. This article briefly reviews the issues surrounding the use of analgesics in amphibians, starting with common definitions of pain and analgesia when applied to nonhuman animals. Nociceptive and endogenous opioid systems in amphibians are reviewed, and results of preclinical research on opioid and nonopioid analgesics summarized. Recommended opioid and nonopioid analgesics are summarized, and practical recommendations made for their clinical use.
关于两栖动物镇痛的临床前研究或两栖动物物种镇痛剂临床使用的建议极为有限。本文简要回顾了两栖动物使用镇痛剂的相关问题，首先介绍应用于非人类动物时疼痛和镇痛的常见定义。回顾了两栖动物的伤害感受和内源性阿片系统，并总结了阿片类和非阿片类镇痛剂的临床前研究结果。总结了推荐使用的阿片类和非阿片类镇痛剂，并对其临床使用提出了实际建议。
