Tashkin D P
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1690, USA.
Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2001 Mar;7(2):43-61. doi: 10.1097/00063198-200103000-00001.
Several substances besides tobacco are inhaled for recreational purposes, including marijuana, crack cocaine, amyl and butyl nitrites, heroin, methamphetamine, and phencyclidine. Abuse of most of these inhaled substances has risen in recent years, thereby increasing concern about potential pulmonary and other medical complications. Regular marijuana use can lead to extensive airway injury and alterations in the structure and function of alveolar macrophages, potentially predisposing to pulmonary infection and respiratory cancer. Crack cocaine use can lead to a variety of acute pulmonary complications, including severe exacerbations of asthma and an acute lung injury syndrome associated with a broad spectrum of histopathologic changes ("crack lung"). Habitual cocaine smoking may also produce more subtle long-term pulmonary consequences due to chronic alveolar epithelial and microvascular lung injury. Heroin inhalation can induce severe and even fatal exacerbations of asthma. Pulmonary consequences of inhaled amyl and butyl nitrites, crystalline methamphetamine (ice), and phencyclidine have been less well documented.
除烟草外，还有几种物质被用于娱乐性吸入，包括大麻、快克可卡因、亚硝酸戊酯和丁酯、海洛因、甲基苯丙胺和苯环己哌啶。近年来，对这些吸入物质中大多数的滥用情况有所增加，从而引发了对潜在肺部及其他医学并发症的更多关注。经常吸食大麻会导致广泛的气道损伤以及肺泡巨噬细胞结构和功能的改变，有可能使人易患肺部感染和呼吸道癌症。吸食快克可卡因会导致多种急性肺部并发症，包括哮喘严重加重以及与广泛组织病理学变化相关的急性肺损伤综合征（“快克肺”）。长期习惯性吸食可卡因也可能因慢性肺泡上皮和肺微血管损伤而产生更细微的长期肺部后果。吸入海洛因可诱发哮喘严重发作甚至致命。吸入亚硝酸戊酯和丁酯、结晶甲基苯丙胺（冰毒）以及苯环己哌啶对肺部的影响记录较少。
