Ruthruff E, Johnston J C, Van Selst M
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, California 94035, USA.
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2001 Feb;27(1):3-21.
M. A. Van Selst, E. Ruthruff, and J. C. Johnston (1999) found that practice dramatically reduced dual-task interference in a Psychological Refractory Period (PRP) paradigm with 1 vocal response and 1 manual response. Results from 3 further experiments using the highly trained participants of M. A. Van Selst et al. (1999) support 4 main conclusions: (a) A processing bottleneck exists even after extensive practice; (b) the principal cause of the reduction in PRP interference with practice is shortening of Task 1 bottleneck stages; (c) a secondary cause is that 1 or more, but not all, of the Task 2 substages that are postponed before practice are not postponed after practice (i.e., become automatized); and (d) the extent of PRP reduction with practice depends on the modalities of the 2 responses. A control experiment with 2 manual response tasks showed less PRP reduction with practice than that found by Van Selst et al.
M. A. 范·塞尔斯特、E. 鲁思拉夫和J. C. 约翰斯顿（1999年）发现，在一个包含1个言语反应和1个手动反应的心理不应期（PRP）范式中，练习显著减少了双重任务干扰。使用M. A. 范·塞尔斯特等人（1999年）训练有素的参与者进行的另外3项实验结果支持4个主要结论：（a）即使经过大量练习，处理瓶颈依然存在；（b）练习减少PRP干扰的主要原因是任务1瓶颈阶段的缩短；（c）次要原因是，练习前被推迟的任务2子阶段中的1个或多个（但不是全部）在练习后不再被推迟（即变得自动化）；（d）练习导致的PRP减少程度取决于2种反应的模态。一项使用2个手动反应任务的对照实验表明，练习导致的PRP减少比范·塞尔斯特等人发现的要少。
