Hanson E K, Maas C J, Meijman T F, Godaert G L
Utrecht University.
Ann Behav Med. 2000 Fall;22(4):316-24. doi: 10.1007/BF02895668.
The effects of explanatory variables derived from a work stress model (the effort-reward imbalance model) on salivary cortisol were assessed. A multilevel analysis was used to distinguish the effects of single occasion and multiple occasion measurements of work stress and effect on cortisol. The single (or cross-sectional) factors include Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI), need for control, negative affect, and other enduring factors (type of occupation, gender, and smoking). The multiple occasion measurements include momentary negative mood, Momentary Demand-Satisfaction Ratio (MD-SR), sleep quality, work load (workday versus day off), at work (versus not being at the workplace), and lunch. The effect of time of day on cortisol was controlled for before the effects of these variables were determined. Momentary negative mood but not trait negative affect was positively associated with ambulatory measured cortisol. The variables from the work stress model--effort, reward, need for control, and the multiple occasion measurements of demand and satisfaction--did not affect cortisol. As could be expected, time of day had an effect on cortisol, but a hypothesised interaction with momentary negative mood was not found. Additionally, the results show that the time course of cortisol differs between individuals and that the effect of sleep quality on cortisol can vary from person to person. This points to the necessity of continued efforts to single out sources of individual variability. The finding that variables derived from the effort-reward imbalance model are not related with cortisol does not support the hypothesis that ERI leads to short-term changes in cortisol, indicating no relation with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. On the other hand, the present results invite further qualification of negative affect as a potential determinant of HPA activity, at least, as far as can be deduced from cortisol measurements.
评估了源自工作压力模型（努力-回报失衡模型）的解释变量对唾液皮质醇的影响。采用多层次分析来区分工作压力单次测量和多次测量对皮质醇的影响。单次（或横断面）因素包括努力-回报失衡（ERI）、控制需求、负面情绪以及其他持久因素（职业类型、性别和吸烟）。多次测量包括瞬时负面情绪、瞬时需求-满意度比（MD-SR）、睡眠质量、工作量（工作日与休息日）、在工作时（与不在工作场所相比）以及午餐。在确定这些变量的影响之前，先控制了一天中不同时间对皮质醇的影响。瞬时负面情绪而非特质性负面情绪与动态测量的皮质醇呈正相关。工作压力模型中的变量——努力、回报、控制需求以及需求和满意度的多次测量——并未影响皮质醇。正如预期的那样，一天中的时间对皮质醇有影响，但未发现与瞬时负面情绪的假设性相互作用。此外，结果表明个体之间皮质醇的时间进程不同，睡眠质量对皮质醇的影响也因人而异。这表明有必要继续努力找出个体差异的来源。源自努力-回报失衡模型的变量与皮质醇无关这一发现并不支持ERI导致皮质醇短期变化的假设，表明与下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴活动无关。另一方面，目前的结果促使对负面情绪作为HPA活动潜在决定因素进行进一步限定，至少就从皮质醇测量中可以推断的情况而言。
