Aucouturier J, Dupuis L, Ganne V
Seppic 75, Quai D'orsay, 75321 Cedex 07, Paris, France.
Vaccine. 2001 Mar 21;19(17-19):2666-72. doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00498-9.
Adjuvants play an important role in the efficacy of vaccines as the antigens become more and more purified. Indeed recombinant proteins or synthetic peptides are safer than crude inactivated micro-organism, but less immunogenic. This can be balanced by specific adjuvants. But there is no universal adjuvants and their action is not yet clear and rely on different mechanisms. Then, they must be adapted according to several criteria, like the target species, the antigens, the type of immune response, the route of inoculation, or the duration of immunity. For this purpose different type of emulsions have been developed. Water in oil (W/O) emulsions induce a strong and long term immune response. Those based on mineral oils are known to be very efficient but can sometimes induce local reactions with reactive antigens. Non mineral oils are well tolerated but less efficient with poor immunogens. Multiphasic (W/O/W) emulsions can induce short and long term immune responses with various antigens and oil in water (O/W) emulsions are well tolerated and induce a short term immune response. New generation of adjuvants are based on a new concept called 'immunosol' and stem from the association of nanoparticles with a new immunostimulant. They can be used when emulsions are not suitable to obtain a good balance between safety and immunogenicity.
随着抗原越来越纯化，佐剂在疫苗效力中发挥着重要作用。的确，重组蛋白或合成肽比粗制灭活微生物更安全，但免疫原性较低。这可以通过特定佐剂来平衡。然而，不存在通用佐剂，其作用尚不清楚且依赖于不同机制。因此，必须根据多种标准进行调整，如目标物种、抗原、免疫反应类型、接种途径或免疫持续时间。为此已开发出不同类型的乳剂。油包水（W/O）乳剂可诱导强烈且长期的免疫反应。基于矿物油的乳剂已知非常有效，但有时会与反应性抗原引发局部反应。非矿物油耐受性良好，但对弱免疫原的效果较差。多相（W/O/W）乳剂可通过各种抗原诱导短期和长期免疫反应，而水包油（O/W）乳剂耐受性良好并诱导短期免疫反应。新一代佐剂基于一种名为“免疫溶胶”的新概念，源自纳米颗粒与新型免疫刺激剂的结合。当乳剂不适用于在安全性和免疫原性之间取得良好平衡时，它们可以被使用。
