Characterization of control and immobilized skeletal muscle: an overview from genetic engineering.

To elucidate the molecular basis of muscle atrophy, we have performed the serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) method with control and immobilized muscles of 10 rats. The genes that expressed >0.5% in muscle are involved in the following three functions: 1) contraction (troponin I, C and T; myosin light chain 1-3; actin; tropomyosin; and parvalbumin), 2) energy metabolism (cytochrome c oxidase I and III, creatine kinase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate mutase, ATPase 6, and aldolase A), and 3) housekeeping (lens epithelial protein). Muscle atrophy appears to be caused by changes in mRNA levels of specific regulators of proteolysis, protein synthesis, and contractile apparatus assembling, such as polyubiquitin, elongation factor 2, and nebulin. Immobilization has produced a decrease more than threefold in gene expression of enzymes involved in energy metabolism, especially ATPase, cytochrome c oxidase, NADH dehydrogenase, and protein phosphatase 1. Differential gene expressions of selenoprotein W and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, which can be involved in oxidative stress, were also observed. Other genes with various functions, such as cholesterol metabolism and growth factors, were also differentially expressed. Moreover, novel genes regulated by immobilization were discovered. Thus, the current study allows a better understanding of global muscle characteristics and the molecular mechanisms of sedentarity and sarcopenia.