Garner B A, Pandy M G
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin. 2001 Feb;4(2):93-126. doi: 10.1080/10255840008908000.
A mathematical model of the human upper limb was developed based on high-resolution medical images of the muscles and bones obtained from the Visible Human Male (VHM) project. Three-dimensional surfaces of the muscles and bones were reconstructed from Computed Tomography (CT) images and Color Cryosection images obtained from the VHM cadaver. Thirteen degrees of freedom were used to describe the orientations of seven bones in the model: clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, and hand. All of the major articulations from the shoulder girdle down to the wrist were included in the model. The model was actuated by 42 muscle bundles, which represented the actions of 26 muscle groups in the upper limb. The paths of the muscles were modeled using a new approach called the Obstacle-set Method [33]. The calculated paths of the muscles were verified by comparing the muscle moment arms computed in the model with the results of anatomical studies reported in the literature. In-vivo measurements of maximum isometric muscle torques developed at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist were also used to estimate the architectural properties of each musculotendon actuator in the model. The entire musculoskeletal model can be reconstructed using the data given in this paper, along with information presented in a companion paper which defines the kinematic structure of the model [26].
基于从可视人体男性（VHM）项目获得的肌肉和骨骼的高分辨率医学图像，开发了人体上肢的数学模型。肌肉和骨骼的三维表面是从VHM尸体的计算机断层扫描（CT）图像和彩色冷冻切片图像重建而来的。该模型使用13个自由度来描述七块骨骼的方向：锁骨、肩胛骨、肱骨、桡骨、尺骨、腕骨和手部。模型涵盖了从肩带一直到手腕的所有主要关节。该模型由42个肌肉束驱动，这些肌肉束代表了上肢26个肌肉群的动作。肌肉的路径使用一种名为障碍集方法[33]的新方法进行建模。通过将模型中计算出的肌肉力臂与文献中报道的解剖学研究结果进行比较，验证了计算出的肌肉路径。还使用了在肩部、肘部和腕部产生的最大等长肌肉扭矩的体内测量值来估计模型中每个肌肉肌腱驱动装置的结构特性。使用本文给出的数据以及一篇配套论文中介绍的信息（该论文定义了模型的运动学结构[26]），可以重建整个肌肉骨骼模型。
