Goldberg J O, Schmidt L A
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, and Hamilton Program for Schizophrenia, 102-350 King St. E., Hamilton ON Canada L8N 3Y3.
Schizophr Res. 2001 Mar 30;48(2-3):343-9. doi: 10.1016/s0920-9964(00)00143-2.
Recent bio-developmental models of shyness traits (Schmidt, L.A., Fox, N.A., 1998. The development and outcomes of childhood shyness. Annals of Child Development 13, 1--20; Schmidt, L.A. Fox, N.A., 1999. Conceptual, biological, and behavioural distinctions among different types of shy children. In: Schmidt, L.A., Schulkin, J. (Eds.), Extreme Fear, Shyness, and Social Phobia: Origins, Biological Mechanisms, and Clinical Outcomes. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 47--66) have proposed that childhood shyness and early sociability troubles may be a precursor to pervasive social dysfunction in adulthood. An important question in testing the vulnerability model is to determine the severity of shyness among adults who have a serious social dysfunction, such as individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. The Cheek and Buss Shyness and Sociability Scales (Cheek, J.M., Buss, A.H., 1981. Shyness and sociability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 41, 330--339) and the Reznick Retrospective Self-report of Inhibition (Reznick, J.S., Hegeman, I.N., Kaufman, E.R., Woods, S.W., Jacobs, M., 1992. Retrospective and concurrent self-report of behavioural inhibition and their relation to adult mental health. Development and Psychopathology 4, 301--321) were administered to 23 schizophrenia outpatients and 23 control subjects matched for age and sex. The results indicated that individuals with schizophrenia showed significantly more shyness (P<0.004), lower sociability (P<0.02) and more recollections of childhood social troubles (P<0.007) compared with the control group. Within the schizophrenia group, both shyness traits (P<0.04) and limited sociability (P<0.01) were clearly associated with interpersonal dysfunction, while significant correlations were also found between troubled sociability and negative symptoms (P<0.05). The findings of shyness traits, impaired sociability and more recollections of childhood social difficulties among stable outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia are consistent with predictions based on a bio-developmental shyness vulnerability model.
近期关于羞怯特质的生物发展模型（施密特，L.A.，福克斯，N.A.，1998年。儿童期羞怯的发展与结果。《儿童发展年鉴》13卷，第1 - 20页；施密特，L.A.，福克斯，N.A.，1999年。不同类型羞怯儿童在概念、生物学和行为上的差异。载于：施密特，L.A.，舒尔金，J.（编）。《极度恐惧、羞怯与社交恐惧症：起源、生物学机制及临床结果》。牛津大学出版社，纽约，第47 - 66页）提出，儿童期羞怯和早期社交问题可能是成年期普遍社交功能障碍的先兆。检验易感性模型的一个重要问题是确定患有严重社交功能障碍的成年人（如被诊断患有精神分裂症的个体）的羞怯严重程度。对23名精神分裂症门诊患者和23名年龄与性别匹配的对照受试者施测了奇克和巴斯羞怯与社交能力量表（奇克，J.M.，巴斯，A.H.，1981年。羞怯与社交能力。《人格与社会心理学杂志》41卷，第330 - 339页）以及雷兹尼克回顾性抑制自评量表（雷兹尼克，J.S.，赫格曼，I.N.，考夫曼，E.R.，伍兹，S.W.，雅各布斯，M.，1992年。行为抑制的回顾性与同时性自评及其与成人心理健康的关系。《发展与心理病理学》4卷，第301 - 321页）。结果表明，与对照组相比，精神分裂症患者表现出显著更多的羞怯（P<0.004）、更低的社交能力（P<0.02）以及更多对童年社交问题的回忆（P<0.007）。在精神分裂症组内，羞怯特质（P<0.04）和社交能力受限（P<0.01）均与人际功能障碍明显相关，同时在社交困扰与阴性症状之间也发现了显著相关性（P<0.05）。在被诊断患有精神分裂症的稳定门诊患者中发现的羞怯特质、社交能力受损以及更多对童年社交困难的回忆结果，与基于生物发展羞怯易感性模型的预测一致。
