Westerterp-Plantenga M S
Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Br J Nutr. 2001 Mar;85(3):351-61. doi: 10.1079/bjn2000272.
The relationship between energy density (ED) of food and drink consumption ad libitum and energy intake (EI) was analysed. EI was taken as average daily EI over the long term, and as EI during a single meal. Moreover, the distribution of EI over three ED categories was analysed. Average daily EI was related to ED of the food and drinks when ED was strongly influenced by specific macronutrients. When ED was strongly influenced by the weight of water, it was not related to EI. During a meal subjects monitored mainly weight, and to a lesser extent, the energy content of the food ingested. Therefore, covertly manipulated ED of a meal affected EI directly. The impact of ED on EI was modulated by dietary behaviours such as restraint. Overt manipulation of ED for 6 months showed that EI was adjusted to a decreased but not to an increased ED in dietary-unrestrained subjects, and that EI was adjusted to an increased but not to a decreased ED in dietary-restrained subjects. Knowledge of ED was shown to lead to an inverse relationship between portion sizes and ED during a meal. Average daily EI consisted of a distribution of EI over the three different categories of ED, so that obese women ate more of foods with a high ED and less of foods with a low ED compared with normal weight women (and nutritional guidelines). In conclusion, ED affected daily EI by means of macronutrient specific effects. EI from a meal with an unknown ED can become inversely related to EI through learning or conditioning. Therefore, the effect of ED on EI during a single meal observation cannot be extrapolated directly to the 24 h effect on EI. With regard to the treatment of obesity, a conscious decreased consumption of foods high in ED and an increase in consumption of low-ED food is necessary to decrease and subsequently maintain body weight, particularly in subjects with a sedentary lifestyle.
分析了随意摄入的食物和饮料的能量密度（ED）与能量摄入（EI）之间的关系。EI被视为长期的平均每日EI以及单次进餐时的EI。此外，还分析了EI在三种ED类别中的分布情况。当ED受特定宏量营养素的强烈影响时，平均每日EI与食物和饮料的ED相关。当ED受水重量的强烈影响时，它与EI无关。在进餐期间，受试者主要监测食物重量，对摄入食物的能量含量监测较少。因此，暗中操纵一餐的ED会直接影响EI。ED对EI的影响受到诸如克制等饮食行为的调节。对ED进行为期6个月的公开操纵表明，在饮食无节制的受试者中，EI会根据ED的降低而进行调整，但不会根据ED的增加进行调整；而在饮食有节制的受试者中，EI会根据ED的增加而进行调整，但不会根据ED的降低进行调整。结果表明，了解ED会导致进餐时食物分量大小与ED之间呈反比关系。平均每日EI由EI在三种不同ED类别中的分布组成，因此与正常体重女性（以及营养指南）相比，肥胖女性摄入的高ED食物更多，低ED食物更少。总之，ED通过特定宏量营养素的作用影响每日EI。一餐中未知ED的EI可能会通过学习或条件作用与EI呈反比关系。因此，不能将单次进餐观察期间ED对EI的影响直接外推至其对24小时EI的影响。关于肥胖症的治疗，有意识地减少高ED食物的摄入量并增加低ED食物的摄入量对于减轻并随后维持体重是必要的，尤其是对于久坐不动生活方式的受试者。
