Hanly C, Hanly M A
Canadian Psychoanalytic Society, Toronto Branch.
J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 2001 Spring;49(2):515-33. doi: 10.1177/00030651010490021001.
To clarify the concepts of critical realism, subjectivity, and subjectivism, distinctions are drawn among ontological subjectivism, moral subjectivity, psychological subjectivity, and epistemological subjectivism. Psychological subjectivity, including the ongoing affective life of the analyst, is an essential aspect of the analyst's response to the patient, and may either facilitate or distort an adequate observation of transference and countertransference dynamics and of the psychic reality of the patient. Subjectivism in current psychoanalytic literature involves an argument that there is an "irreducible" subjectivity in the analyst, who is bound to see things from an incorrigibly personal point of view, such that there is no substantial subject-object differentiation between analyst and patient. Issues of authoritarianism in the analyst, or of pathological certainty, should not be confused with the issues of epistemological objectivism. The concept of critical realism or scientific objectivism includes the essential idea that there is no pure knowledge, no complete knowledge, that often evidence is insufficient for knowledge of some aspect of nature, and that care must be to taken understand what is sufficient knowledge in a given area, in this case clinical psychoanalysis. The question is raised whether "projective identification" makes the sorting out of "what comes from whom" impossible. It is argued that when free association is sufficiently facilitated, when there are enough corrections of the distortions wrought by transference and countertransference, when defenses are analyzed, and when sufficient subject-object differentiation is recovered, the analyst can get to know enough of the patient's psychic reality for the therapeutic and scientific purposes of psychoanalysis.
为了厘清批判实在论、主观性和主观主义的概念，本文对本体论主观主义、道德主观性、心理主观性和认识论主观主义进行了区分。心理主观性，包括分析师持续的情感生活，是分析师对患者反应的一个重要方面，它可能促进或扭曲对移情和反移情动态以及患者心理现实的充分观察。当前精神分析文献中的主观主义涉及一种观点，即分析师存在一种“不可还原”的主观性，分析师必然会从一种无法纠正的个人视角看待事物，以至于分析师与患者之间不存在实质性的主客体区分。分析师的权威主义问题或病理性确定性问题，不应与认识论客观主义问题相混淆。批判实在论或科学客观主义的概念包括一个基本观点，即不存在纯粹的知识、完整的知识，通常证据不足以了解自然的某些方面，而且必须注意在特定领域（在这种情况下是临床精神分析）理解什么是足够的知识。有人提出“投射性认同”是否会使理清“什么来自谁”变得不可能。有人认为，当自由联想得到充分促进，当对移情和反移情造成的扭曲有足够的纠正，当防御机制得到分析，当恢复了足够的主客体区分时，分析师就能为精神分析的治疗和科学目的充分了解患者的心理现实。
