Goebl W
Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Vienna.
J Acoust Soc Am. 2001 Jul;110(1):563-72. doi: 10.1121/1.1376133.
As reported in the recent literature on piano performance, an emphasized voice (the melody) tends to be played not only louder than the other voices, but also about 30 ms earlier (melody lead). It remains unclear whether pianists deliberately apply melody lead to separate different voices, or whether it occurs because the melody is played louder (velocity artifact). The velocity artifact explanation implies that pianists initially strike the keys simultaneously; it is only different velocities that make the hammers arrive at different points in time. The measured note onsets in these studies, mostly derived from computer-monitored pianos, represent the hammer-string impact times. In the present study, the finger-key contact times are calculated and analyzed as well. If the velocity artifact hypothesis is correct, the melody lead phenomenon should disappear at the finger-key level. Chopin's Ballade op. 38 (45 measures) and Etude op. 10/3 (21 measures) were performed on a Bösendorfer computer-monitored grand piano by 22 skilled pianists. The hammer-string asynchronies among voices closely resemble the results reported in the literature. However, the melody lead decreases almost to zero at the finger-key level, which supports the velocity artifact hypothesis. In addition to this, expected onset asynchronies are predicted from differences in hammer velocity, if finger-key asynchronies are assumed to be zero. They correlate highly with the observed melody lead.
正如近期关于钢琴演奏的文献所报道的那样，突出的声部（旋律）往往不仅比其他声部演奏得更响，而且还要早大约30毫秒（旋律领先）。目前尚不清楚钢琴家是有意运用旋律领先来区分不同声部，还是因为旋律演奏得更响（速度假象）才出现这种情况。速度假象的解释意味着钢琴家最初是同时按下琴键的；只是不同的速度使得琴槌在不同时间到达弦上。这些研究中测量的音符起始时间大多来自计算机监控的钢琴，代表的是琴槌击弦的时间。在本研究中，还计算并分析了手指与琴键的接触时间。如果速度假象假说正确，那么旋律领先现象在手指与琴键层面应该会消失。22位技艺娴熟的钢琴家在一台贝森朵夫计算机监控的三角钢琴上演奏了肖邦的《降A大调第三叙事曲》（作品38号，共45小节）和《E大调练习曲》（作品10之3，共21小节）。各声部之间的琴槌击弦异步性与文献报道的结果非常相似。然而，在手指与琴键层面，旋律领先几乎降至零，这支持了速度假象假说。除此之外，如果假设手指与琴键的异步性为零，那么根据琴槌速度的差异可以预测出预期的起始异步性。它们与观察到的旋律领先高度相关。
