深蹲和腿举过程中技术变化对膝关节生物力学的影响。
Effects of technique variations on knee biomechanics during the squat and leg press.
作者信息
Escamilla R F, Fleisig G S, Zheng N, Lander J E, Barrentine S W, Andrews J R, Bergemann B W, Moorman C T
机构信息
Michael W. Krzyzewski Human Performance Laboratory, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery and Duke Sports Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
出版信息
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 Sep;33(9):1552-66. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200109000-00020.
PURPOSE
The specific aim of this project was to quantify knee forces and muscle activity while performing squat and leg press exercises with technique variations.
METHODS
Ten experienced male lifters performed the squat, a high foot placement leg press (LPH), and a low foot placement leg press (LPL) employing a wide stance (WS), narrow stance (NS), and two foot angle positions (feet straight and feet turned out 30 degrees ).
RESULTS
No differences were found in muscle activity or knee forces between foot angle variations. The squat generated greater quadriceps and hamstrings activity than the LPH and LPL, the WS-LPH generated greater hamstrings activity than the NS-LPH, whereas the NS squat produced greater gastrocnemius activity than the WS squat. No ACL forces were produced for any exercise variation. Tibiofemoral (TF) compressive forces, PCL tensile forces, and patellofemoral (PF) compressive forces were generally greater in the squat than the LPH and LPL, and there were no differences in knee forces between the LPH and LPL. For all exercises, the WS generated greater PCL tensile forces than the NS, the NS produced greater TF and PF compressive forces than the WS during the LPH and LPL, whereas the WS generated greater TF and PF compressive forces than the NS during the squat. For all exercises, muscle activity and knee forces were generally greater in the knee extending phase than the knee flexing phase.
CONCLUSIONS
The greater muscle activity and knee forces in the squat compared with the LPL and LPH implies the squat may be more effective in muscle development but should be used cautiously in those with PCL and PF disorders, especially at greater knee flexion angles. Because all forces increased with knee flexion, training within the functional 0-50 degrees range may be efficacious for those whose goal is to minimize knee forces. The lack of ACL forces implies that all exercises may be effective during ACL rehabilitation.
目的
本项目的具体目标是在进行深蹲和腿举练习并采用不同技术变化时，对膝关节受力和肌肉活动进行量化。
方法
10名经验丰富的男性举重运动员进行深蹲、高脚位腿举（LPH）和低脚位腿举（LPL），采用宽站位（WS）、窄站位（NS）以及两种脚角度位置（双脚伸直和双脚外旋30度）。
结果
脚角度变化之间在肌肉活动或膝关节受力方面未发现差异。深蹲比LPH和LPL产生更大的股四头肌和腘绳肌活动，宽站位 - LPH比窄站位 - LPH产生更大的腘绳肌活动，而窄站位深蹲比宽站位深蹲产生更大的腓肠肌活动。任何练习变化均未产生前交叉韧带受力。深蹲时胫股（TF）压力、后交叉韧带拉力和髌股（PF）压力通常比LPH和LPL更大，且LPH和LPL之间的膝关节受力无差异。对于所有练习，宽站位产生的后交叉韧带拉力比窄站位更大，在LPH和LPL期间窄站位产生的TF和PF压力比宽站位更大，而在深蹲期间宽站位产生的TF和PF压力比窄站位更大。对于所有练习，膝关节伸展阶段的肌肉活动和膝关节受力通常比膝关节屈曲阶段更大。
结论
与LPL和LPH相比，深蹲时更大的肌肉活动和膝关节受力意味着深蹲在肌肉发育方面可能更有效，但对于患有后交叉韧带和髌股疾病的人应谨慎使用，尤其是在膝关节屈曲角度较大时。由于所有受力都随膝关节屈曲增加，对于目标是最小化膝关节受力的人来说，在功能性0 - 50度范围内进行训练可能有效。缺乏前交叉韧带受力意味着所有练习在交叉韧带康复期间可能都是有效的。
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