Claude Bernard: primer of the second biomedical revolution.

Istituto di Fisiologia Umana, Università di Ancona, Via Tronto 10/A, Torrette di Ancona, I-60020 Ancona, Italy.

Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2001 Sep;2(9):703-8. doi: 10.1038/35089594.

Claude Bernard, the son of a Beaujolais winegrower, moved to Paris to pursue his literary ambitions and went on to become one of the fathers of modern life sciences. What did Bernard do to earn universal renown? And are his teachings relevant to modern science?