Blum V, Andriske M, Kreuzberg K, Schreibman M P
Ruhr University of Bochum, C.E.B.A.S. Center of Excellence, FRG.
Acta Astronaut. 1995 Oct-Dec;36(8-12):615-23. doi: 10.1016/0094-5765(95)00150-6.
Based on the experiences made with the Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.) which was primarily developed for long-term and multi-generation experiments with aquatic animals and plants in a space station highly effective fresh water recycling modules were elaborated utilizing a combination of ammonia oxidizing bacteria filters and higher plants. These exhibit a high effectivity to eliminate phosphate and anorganic nitrogen compounds and are, in addition, able to contribute to the oxygen supply of the aquatic animals. The C.E.B.A.S. filter system is able to keep a closed artificial aquatic ecosystem containing teleost fishes and water snails biologically stable for several month and to eliminate waste products deriving from degraded dead fishes without a decrease of the oxygen concentration down to less than 3.5 mg/l at 25 degrees C. More advanced C.E.B.A.S. filter systems, the BIOCURE filters, were also developed for utilization in semiintensive and intensive aquaculture systems for fishes. In fact such combined animal-plant aquaculture systems represent highly effective productions sites for human food if proper plant and fish species are selected. The present papers elucidates ways to novel aquaculture systems in which herbivorous fishes are raised by feeding them with plant biomass produced in the BIOCURE filters and presents the scheme of a modification which utilizes a plant species suitable also for human nutrition. Special attention is paid to the benefits of closed aquaculture system modules which may be integrated into bioregenerative life support systems of a higher complexity for, e.g., lunar or planetary bases including some psychological aspects of the introduction of animal protein production into plant-based life support systems. Moreover, the basic reproductive biological problems of aquatic animal breeding under reduced gravity are explained leading to a disposition of essential research programs in this context.
基于封闭式平衡生物水生系统（C.E.B.A.S.）的经验，该系统最初是为在空间站对水生动植物进行长期和多代实验而开发的，利用氨氧化细菌过滤器和高等植物的组合，精心设计了高效的淡水循环模块。这些模块在消除磷酸盐和无机氮化合物方面表现出很高的效率，此外，还能够为水生动物提供氧气。C.E.B.A.S.过滤系统能够使一个包含硬骨鱼类和水蜗牛的封闭人工水生生态系统在生物上保持稳定数月，并消除因死鱼降解产生的废物，在25摄氏度时氧气浓度不会降至低于3.5毫克/升。更先进的C.E.B.A.S.过滤系统，即BIOCURE过滤器，也被开发用于半集约化和集约化鱼类养殖系统。事实上，如果选择合适的植物和鱼类品种，这种动植物结合的水产养殖系统是人类食物的高效生产场所。本文阐述了新型水产养殖系统的方法，即在BIOCURE过滤器中养殖植物生物量来饲养食草鱼类，并提出了一种利用也适合人类营养的植物品种的改良方案。特别关注了封闭水产养殖系统模块的益处，这些模块可集成到更复杂的生物再生生命支持系统中，例如用于月球或行星基地，包括将动物蛋白生产引入基于植物的生命支持系统的一些心理方面。此外，还解释了在微重力下水生动物繁殖的基本生殖生物学问题，从而在此背景下安排了重要的研究计划。
