Mechanisms of streptomycin resistance: selection of mutations in the 16S rRNA gene conferring resistance.

Chromosomally acquired streptomycin resistance is frequently due to mutations in the gene encoding the ribosomal protein S12, rpsL. The presence of several rRNA operons (rrn) and a single rpsL gene in most bacterial genomes prohibits the isolation of streptomycin-resistant mutants in which resistance is mediated by mutations in the 16S rRNA gene (rrs). Three strains were constructed in this investigation: Mycobacterium smegmatis rrnB, M. smegmatis rpsL(3+), and M. smegmatis rrnB rpsL(3+). M. smegmatis rrnB carries a single functional rrn operon, i.e., rrnA (comprised of 16S, 23S, and 5S rRNA genes) and a single rpsL+ gene; M. smegmatis rpsL(3+) is characterized by the presence of two rrn operons (rrnA and rrnB) and three rpsL+ genes; and M. smegmatis rrnB rpsL(3+) carries a single functional rrn operon (rrnA) and three rpsL+ genes. By genetically altering the number of rpsL and rrs alleles in the bacterial genome, mutations in rrs conferring streptomycin resistance could be selected, as revealed by analysis of streptomycin-resistant derivatives of M. smegmatis rrnB rpsL(3+). Besides mutations well known to confer streptomycin resistance, novel streptomycin resistance conferring mutations were isolated. Most of the mutations were found to map to a functional pseudoknot structure within the 530 loop region of the 16S rRNA. One of the mutations observed, i.e., 524G-->C, severely distorts the interaction between nucleotides 524G and 507C, a Watson-Crick interaction which has been thought to be essential for ribosome function. The use of the single rRNA allelic M. smegmatis strain should help to elucidate the principles of ribosome-drug interactions.