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The military and revolutionary activity of Bulgarian physicians (enlighteners) during the Turkish yoke is closely connected with the wars of Russia waged against Turkey. The Bulgarian physicians were active in the military and revolutionary field also during the Serbian-Turkish war in 1876. About 20 Bulgarian physicians and pharmacologists were included in the composition of the Russian sanitary missions and in those of the Roumanians. The participation in the above wars enabled the Bulgarian physicians to get acquainted as early as before the liberation, with the problems of military medicine--an experience which proved very helpful in the establishment of the first Bulgarian field medical service during the Liberation war.