Tuininga E J
Faculteit der Exacte Wetenschappen VU, De Boelelaan 1081, HV Amsterdam.
Gewina. 2000;23(3):214-27.
Over the last 35 years ideas about the development of science and technology have taken a new turn. The optimistic period of post-war reconstruction that lasted until the nineteen sixties saw science and technology as almost autonomous phenomena and as the source of our wealth. This view came to be criticized in the seventies, and the social impact of the intertwined development of science and technology came under scrutiny. Discussions about nuclear power, nuclear weapons and environmental problems induced the first attempts to control the development of science and technology. These attempts were mainly directed at minimalizing side effects, yet at the same time an increasing need was felt to adapt the course of scientific and technological developments to social needs. Governments were urged to devise mechanisms to institutionalize attempts in this direction. Social groupings began to use science and technology as a means to achieve their own ends (e.g., alternative technology). In particular, there was a growing interest in the possibilities of influencing decision-making with regard to science and technology. This paper presents an overview of these developments and illustrates the growing involvement of outside parties. Multinational companies, science organizations and the universities have thus paid increasing attention to forms of decision making that aim to give civilians a more important role.
在过去35年里，有关科学技术发展的观念发生了新的转变。持续到20世纪60年代的战后重建乐观时期，将科学技术视为几乎自主的现象以及我们财富的来源。这种观点在70年代受到了批评，科学技术交织发展的社会影响受到了审视。关于核能、核武器和环境问题的讨论引发了控制科学技术发展的首次尝试。这些尝试主要旨在将副作用最小化，但与此同时，人们越来越感到有必要使科学技术发展进程适应社会需求。政府被敦促设计机制，将这方面的尝试制度化。社会群体开始将科学技术用作实现自身目标的手段（例如，替代技术）。特别是，人们对影响科学技术决策的可能性越来越感兴趣。本文概述了这些发展情况，并说明了外部各方日益增加的参与。跨国公司、科学组织和大学因此越来越关注旨在让平民发挥更重要作用的决策形式。
