Geyskens T
Center for Psychoanalysis and Philosophical Anthropology, University of Leuven/University of Nijmegen Aarschotsesteenweg 338/202 3012 Wilsele, Belgium.
Int J Psychoanal. 2001 Oct;82(Pt 5):861-76. doi: 10.1516/0020757011601244.
The author describes the development of Freud's theory of neurosis from 1892 onwards, starting with his distinction between the actual neuroses and the psychoneuroses and his discovery of a specific, sexual aetiology for both, until which point it remained limited to pathology. The problem of the aetiology of perversion, however, confronted him with a paradox within the theory of seduction: how can an infantile sexual pleasure produce unpleasure when it is remembered at the time of puberty? This problem could not be solved within the framework of the seduction theory because the sexuality of childhood was essential to this theory. For an answer Freud had to turn to biology. He considered that the transformation of an infantile pleasure into unpleasure presupposed an organic repression of non-genital sexual pleasure. This hypothesis of organic repression radically changed the anthropological claim of Freud's theory. As long as he was looking for a specific aetiology of neurosis and perversion, Freud's theory remained restricted to pathology. However, when he introduced infantile sexuality and its organic repression as universal organic processes, the strict distinction between normality and pathology could not be maintained. The author concludes that by turning to sexual biology, Freud transformed psychopathology into a clinical anthropology.
作者描述了弗洛伊德从1892年起的神经症理论的发展历程，始于他对实际神经症和精神神经症的区分以及他对两者特定性病因的发现，在此之前该理论一直局限于病理学范畴。然而，性变态的病因问题使他在诱奸理论中面临一个悖论：当婴儿期的性快感在青春期被回忆起来时，它怎么会产生不快呢？这个问题在诱奸理论的框架内无法解决，因为童年的性取向对该理论至关重要。为了找到答案，弗洛伊德不得不求助于生物学。他认为，婴儿期快感向不快的转变以对非生殖器性快感的有机压抑为前提。这种有机压抑的假设从根本上改变了弗洛伊德理论的人类学主张。只要弗洛伊德在寻找神经症和性变态的特定病因，他的理论就仍局限于病理学。然而，当他将婴儿期性取向及其有机压抑引入作为普遍的有机过程时，就无法维持正常与病理之间的严格区分了。作者得出结论，通过转向性生物学，弗洛伊德将精神病理学转变为了临床人类学。
