[Duration of oral anticoagulant therapy in venous thromboembolism].

PURPOSE

The optimal duration of oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of venous thromboembolism is still a matter of debate. It is essential to balance the desired effect of the anticoagulants in reducing recurrences against the risk of major bleeding. The aims of this paper are to describe the current concepts in this field.

CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND KEY POINTS

Recent data, based on randomised controlled trials, suggest that it is necessary to tailor the duration of anticoagulation individually according to the topography of venous thromboembolism and the presence of risk factors. A 6-week treatment for patients with isolated calf vein thrombosis is sufficient. For proximal thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism, a short anticoagulant course seems sufficient in patients with temporary risk factors (3 months) and a longer anticoagulant course (6 months at least) is recommended for cases with permanent risk factors or idiopathic venous thromboembolism. The inherited or acquired hypercoagulable states can be divided into those that are common and associated with a modest risk of recurrence (i.e., isolated factor V Leiden or G20210A prothrombin gene) and those that are uncommon but associated with a high risk of recurrence (i.e., antithrombin, protein C or S deficiencies and anticardiolipin antibodies). Thus, the presence of one of these last abnormalities favours more prolonged anticoagulant therapy.

FUTURE PROSPECTS AND PROJECTS

1. For patients at high risk of recurrence, there is a paucity of evidence-based medicine, particularly for patients with biological thrombophilia, and randomised controlled trials in this population are required. An assessment of low- or fixed-dose oral anticoagulation is also necessary in order to reduce the bleeding risk. 2) It is not always possible to precisely determine the optimal duration with the available data. We have performed a meta-analysis on summary data which suggests that a long course of oral anticoagulant therapy is superior to a short course. An individual meta-analytic approach is needed to draw more precise conclusions on an interesting and important clinical topic and we propose to perform this analysis in a international collaborative group.