Tryland M
Norges veterinaerhøgskole Institutt for arktisk veterinaermedisin 9292 Tromsø.
Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2001 Dec 10;121(30):3546-50.
In December 1801, the first vaccination against smallpox in Norway took place. Vaccine material came from Denmark, England, Ireland, and other countries; it was also obtained from a few local cowpox cases. What mattered was the effect, not the origin. Several reports indicate that variola virus itself, the cause of smallpox, was also used for human vaccination after passages through cows and horses. A vaccine institute for production of vaccine in calves was established in Kristiania in 1891. Cowpox was once a rare disease in cattle, but a total of 70,985 bovine cases were reported between 1889 and 1928. The source of infection was thought to be humans vaccinated against smallpox. Pox-like diseases were also registered in horses, pigs, sheep, goats and dogs at that time. Compulsory vaccination continued in Norway until 1976; smallpox is now eradicated. During the last decades, however, cowpox virus infections have re-emerged among zoo animals, domestic cats and humans in Western Europe, with small wild rodents and shrews as wildlife reservoirs. Vaccinia virus is also met with new interest as a vector in recombinant vaccines. Given the fact that the human population no longer has immunity against orthopoxviruses and the new possible exposure through pets and wildlife, it may be appropriate to reflect on poxvirus history in Norway in the light of the present situation.
1801年12月，挪威首次进行了天花疫苗接种。疫苗材料来自丹麦、英国、爱尔兰及其他国家；也从一些本地牛痘病例中获取。重要的是效果，而非来源。几份报告表明，天花的病原体天花病毒本身，在经过牛和马的传代后也被用于人体接种。1891年在克里斯蒂安尼亚成立了一家用于在小牛身上生产疫苗的疫苗研究所。牛痘曾是牛群中一种罕见的疾病，但在1889年至1928年间共报告了70985例牛痘病例。感染源被认为是接种天花疫苗的人。当时在马、猪、羊、山羊和狗身上也记录到了类似痘疹的疾病。挪威的强制疫苗接种一直持续到1976年；天花现已被根除。然而，在过去几十年里，牛痘病毒感染在西欧的动物园动物、家猫和人类中再度出现，小型野生啮齿动物和鼩鼱是野生动物宿主。痘苗病毒作为重组疫苗的载体也重新引起了人们的兴趣。鉴于人类群体不再对正痘病毒具有免疫力，以及通过宠物和野生动物可能会有新的接触，根据当前形势反思挪威的痘病毒历史或许是恰当的。
