Wheler Colette L
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2002 Jan;5(1):83-95, vi. doi: 10.1016/s1094-9194(03)00047-1.
Orthopedic problems of the avian head generally fall into two main categories: congenital and traumatic. Congenital lesions of the beak are not uncommon in psittacine birds but are extremely rare in raptors. Trauma accounts for most of the remaining orthopedic problems seen in the area of the body. This article discusses the most common conditions and injuries causing orthopedic problems of the beak, eye, and skull of avian patients.
先天性和创伤性。喙部的先天性病变在鹦鹉类鸟类中并不少见，但在猛禽中极为罕见。创伤是该身体部位所见的其余大多数骨科问题的原因。本文讨论了导致鸟类患者喙部、眼睛和颅骨骨科问题的最常见病症和损伤。
