Angst J, Marneros A
Department of Psychiatry, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
J Affect Disord. 2001 Dec;67(1-3):3-19. doi: 10.1016/s0165-0327(01)00429-3.
We review the history of bipolar disorders from the classical Greek period to DSM-IV. Perhaps the first person who described mania and melancholia as two different phenomenological states of one and the same disease was the Greek physician of the 1st century AD, Aretaeus of Cappadocia. The modern concept of bipolar disorders was born in France, with the publications of and. Emil Kraepelin, however, in 1899, unified all types of affective disorders in 'manic-depressive insanity'; in spite of some opposition, Kraepelin's unitary concept was adopted worldwide. In the 1960s, however, the rebirth of bipolar disorders took place through the publications of Jules Angst, Carlo Perris, and George Winokur, who independently showed that there exist clinical, familial and course characteristics validating the distinction between unipolar and bipolar disorders; in addition, they verified several of the corresponding opinions of the Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard school. The concept of unipolar and bipolar disorders has further advanced in the last three decades: landmark developments include the renaissance of Kraepelin's mixed states and of Kahlbaum's and Hecker's cyclothymia and related affective temperaments, the concept of soft bipolar spectrum (Akiskal), and the distinction of schizoaffective disorders into unipolar and bipolar forms.
我们回顾了从古希腊时期到《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》第四版（DSM-IV）的双相情感障碍病史。公元1世纪的希腊医生卡帕多西亚的阿雷泰乌斯（Aretaeus of Cappadocia）可能是第一个将躁狂和抑郁视为同一种疾病的两种不同现象学状态的人。双相情感障碍的现代概念诞生于法国，随着[此处可能有文献名称缺失]的出版。然而，埃米尔·克雷佩林（Emil Kraepelin）在1899年将所有类型的情感障碍统一为“躁狂抑郁症”；尽管存在一些反对意见，克雷佩林的单一概念在全球范围内被采用。然而，在20世纪60年代，随着朱尔斯·安格斯特（Jules Angst）、卡洛·佩里斯（Carlo Perris）和乔治·维诺克（George Winokur）的著作出版，双相情感障碍得以重生，他们独立表明存在临床、家族和病程特征，证实了单相和双相情感障碍之间的区别；此外，他们还验证了韦尼克 - 克莱斯特 - 莱昂哈德学派的一些相应观点。在过去三十年中，单相和双相情感障碍的概念进一步发展：具有里程碑意义的进展包括克雷佩林的混合状态、卡尔鲍姆（Kahlbaum）和赫克（Hecker）的环性心境障碍及相关情感气质的复兴、软双相谱系概念（阿基斯卡尔提出）以及将分裂情感性障碍分为单相和双相形式。
