de Boer I J M, Cornelissen A M G
Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Center, The Netherlands.
Poult Sci. 2002 Feb;81(2):173-81. doi: 10.1093/ps/81.2.173.
The objective of this paper was to describe a method that enables a comparison of egg production systems for their contribution to sustainable development of egg production, using data from the Netherlands for demonstration purposes. One conventional system, the battery cage system, and two animal-friendly systems, the deep-litter and the aviary systems, illustrate this method. The method is based on a three-phase framework that identifies relevant issues regarding sustainable development (Phase 1), translates issues into sustainability indicators (Phase 2), and assesses the contribution of sustainability indicators to sustainable development (Phase 3). Phases 1 and 2 are based on analysis of literature and consultation with experts. Phase 3 is based on graphical and numerical comparisons. A graphical comparison presents the relative deviation between actual and target values for each sustainability indicator. A numerical comparison combines the relative deviation for each sustainability indicator into an overall contribution of an egg production system to sustainable development. Sustainability indicators selected include economic performance, ammonia emission, energy use, hen welfare, farmer welfare, and egg quality. Based on equal importance of these indicators, the battery cage system shows the least negative contribution to sustainable development. The aviary system is considered a better animal-friendly alternative for a battery cage system when compared with a deep-litter system. The aviary system especially needs to improve economic performance and farmer welfare. The conclusion can only be tentative, however, because methodological aspects such as selection and weighting of sustainability indicators will need careful attention and further research.
本文的目的是描述一种方法，该方法能够利用荷兰的数据，比较不同蛋鸡生产系统对蛋鸡生产可持续发展的贡献，以供示范之用。一种传统系统——层架式笼养系统，以及两种有利于动物的系统——厚垫料系统和笼养系统，对该方法进行了阐释。该方法基于一个三阶段框架，该框架识别与可持续发展相关的问题（第一阶段），将问题转化为可持续性指标（第二阶段），并评估可持续性指标对可持续发展的贡献（第三阶段）。第一阶段和第二阶段基于文献分析和专家咨询。第三阶段基于图形和数值比较。图形比较展示了每个可持续性指标的实际值与目标值之间的相对偏差。数值比较将每个可持续性指标的相对偏差综合为蛋鸡生产系统对可持续发展的总体贡献。所选的可持续性指标包括经济绩效、氨气排放、能源使用、母鸡福利、养殖户福利和鸡蛋质量。基于这些指标的同等重要性，层架式笼养系统对可持续发展的负面贡献最小。与厚垫料系统相比，笼养系统被认为是层架式笼养系统更好的有利于动物的替代方案。笼养系统尤其需要提高经济绩效和养殖户福利。然而，该结论只能是初步的，因为诸如可持续性指标的选择和权重等方法学方面需要仔细关注并进一步研究。
