Charness N, Reingold E M, Pomplun M, Stampe D M
Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee 32306-1270, USA.
Mem Cognit. 2001 Dec;29(8):1146-52. doi: 10.3758/bf03206384.
Expert and intermediate chess players attempted to choose the best move in five chess positions while their eye movements were monitored. Experts were faster and more accurate than intermediates in choosing the best move. Experts made fewer fixations per trial and greater amplitude saccades than did intermediates, but there was no difference in fixation duration across skill groups. Examining the spatial distribution of the first five fixations for each position by skill group revealed that experts produced more fixations on empty squares than did intermediates. When fixating pieces, experts produced a greater proportion of fixations on relevant pieces than did intermediates. It is argued that expert chess players perceptually encode chess configurations, rather than individual pieces, and, consequently, parafoveal or peripheral processing guides their eye movements, producing a pattern of saccadic selectivity by piece saliency.
专家级和中级国际象棋棋手在五个棋局位置上尝试选择最佳走法，同时他们的眼动情况受到监测。在选择最佳走法方面，专家级棋手比中级棋手速度更快且更准确。专家级棋手每次试验的注视次数比中级棋手少，扫视幅度比中级棋手大，但不同技能水平组之间的注视持续时间没有差异。按技能水平组检查每个位置前五次注视的空间分布发现，专家级棋手在空棋盘格上的注视次数比中级棋手多。在注视棋子时，专家级棋手在相关棋子上的注视比例比中级棋手大。有人认为，专家级国际象棋棋手在感知上对棋局配置进行编码，而不是对单个棋子进行编码，因此，副中央凹或周边视觉处理引导他们的眼动，根据棋子的显著性产生一种扫视选择性模式。
