Riley Roger S, Ben-Ezra Jonathan M, Massey Davis, Cousar John
Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia, Hospitals of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Clin Lab Med. 2002 Mar;22(1):317-45. doi: 10.1016/s0272-2712(03)00077-5.
The computer and the digital camera offer unprecedented possibilities for improving hematology education, research, and patient service. Peripheral blood smear images of exceptional quality can be acquired rapidly and conveniently from the peripheral blood smear with a modern, high-resolution digital camera and a quality microscope. Digital cameras use CCD or CMOS image sensors to measure light energy and additional circuitry to convert the measured information into a digital signal. Because digital cameras do not use photographic film, images are immediately available for incorporation into web sites or digital publications, printing, transfer to other individuals by e-mail, or other applications. Several excellent consumer digital still cameras are now available for less than $1000 that capture high-quality images comprised of more than three megapixels. These images are essentially indistinguishable from conventional film images when viewed on a quality color monitor or printed on a quality color or black and white printer at sizes up to 8 x 10 in. Several recent dedicated digital photomicroscopy cameras provide an ultrahigh quality image output of more than 12 megapixels and have low noise circuit designs permitting the direct capture of darkfield and fluorescence images. There are many applications of digital images of peripheral blood smears. Because hematology is a visual science, the inclusion of quality digital images into lectures, teaching handouts, and electronic documents is essential. A few institutions have gone beyond the basic application of digital images to develop large electronic hematology atlases; animated, audio-enhanced learning experiences; multidisciplinary Internet conferences; and other innovative applications. Digital images of single microscopic fields (single-frame images) are the most widely used in hematology education at this time, but single images of many adjacent microscopic fields can be stitched together to prepare zoomable panoramas that encompass a large part of a microscope slide and closely stimulate observation through a real microscope. With further advances in computer speed and Internet streaming technology, the virtual microscope could easily replace the real microscope in pathology education. Interactive, immersive computer experiences may completely revolutionize hematology education and make the conventional lecture and laboratory format obsolete later in this decade. Patient care is enhanced by the transmission of digital images to other individuals for consultation and education, and by the inclusion of these images in patient care documents. In research laboratories, digital cameras are widely used to document experimental results and obtain experimental data.
计算机和数码相机为改善血液学教育、研究及患者服务提供了前所未有的可能性。借助现代高分辨率数码相机和优质显微镜，可快速便捷地从外周血涂片获取质量卓越的外周血涂片图像。数码相机使用电荷耦合器件（CCD）或互补金属氧化物半导体（CMOS）图像传感器来测量光能，并通过额外电路将测量信息转换为数字信号。由于数码相机不使用胶卷，图像可立即用于纳入网站或数字出版物、打印、通过电子邮件传输给他人或用于其他应用。现在有几款价格不到1000美元的优质消费级数码单反相机，能捕捉由超过300万像素组成的高质量图像。当在优质彩色显示器上查看或在尺寸达8×10英寸的优质彩色或黑白打印机上打印时，这些图像与传统胶卷图像基本无法区分。近期几款专用数码显微摄影相机可提供超过1200万像素的超高质量图像输出，且具有低噪声电路设计，能直接捕捉暗视野和荧光图像。外周血涂片数字图像有许多应用。由于血液学是一门视觉科学，将高质量数字图像纳入讲座、教学讲义和电子文档至关重要。一些机构已超越数字图像的基本应用，开发了大型电子血液学图谱；动画、音频增强的学习体验；多学科互联网会议及其他创新应用。此时，单个微观视野的数字图像（单帧图像）在血液学教育中应用最为广泛，但许多相邻微观视野的单幅图像可拼接在一起，以制备可缩放全景图，涵盖显微镜载玻片的很大一部分，并能非常逼真地模拟通过真实显微镜进行的观察。随着计算机速度和互联网流技术的进一步发展，虚拟显微镜在病理学教育中很可能轻松取代真实显微镜。交互式、沉浸式计算机体验可能会彻底变革血液学教育，并使传统讲座和实验室形式在本十年后期过时。通过将数字图像传输给他人进行会诊和教育，以及将这些图像纳入患者护理文档，可提高患者护理水平。在研究实验室中，数码相机广泛用于记录实验结果和获取实验数据。
