Riley Roger S, Ben-Ezra Jonathan M, Massey Davis, Slyter Rodney L, Romagnoli Gina
Department of Pathology, MCV Campus of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0250, USA.
J Clin Lab Anal. 2004;18(2):91-128. doi: 10.1002/jcla.20009.
The computer and the digital camera provide a unique means for improving hematology education, research, and patient service. High quality photographic images of gross specimens can be rapidly and conveniently acquired with a high-resolution digital camera, and specialized digital cameras have been developed for photomicroscopy. Digital cameras utilize charge-coupled devices (CCD) or Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors to measure light energy and additional circuitry to convert the measured information into a digital signal. Since digital cameras do not utilize photographic film, images are immediately available for incorporation into web sites or digital publications, printing, transfer to other individuals by email, or other applications. Several excellent digital still cameras are now available for less than 2,500 dollars that capture high quality images comprised of more than 6 megapixels. These images are essentially indistinguishable from conventional film images when viewed on a quality color monitor or printed on a quality color or black and white printer at sizes up to 11x14 inches. Several recent dedicated digital photomicroscopy cameras provide an ultrahigh quality image output of more than 12 megapixels and have low noise circuit designs permitting the direct capture of darkfield and fluorescence images. There are many applications of digital images of pathologic specimens. Since pathology is a visual science, the inclusion of quality digital images into lectures, teaching handouts, and electronic documents is essential. A few institutions have gone beyond the basic application of digital images to developing large electronic hematology atlases, animated, audio-enhanced learning experiences, multidisciplinary Internet conferences, and other innovative applications. Digital images of single microscopic fields (single frame images) are the most widely utilized in hematology education at this time, but single images of many adjacent microscopic fields can be stitched together to prepare "zoomable" panoramas that encompass a large part of a microscope slide and closely simulate observation through a real microscope. With further advances in computer speed and Internet streaming technology, the virtual microscope could easily replace the real microscope in pathology education. Later in this decade, interactive immersive computer experiences may completely revolutionize hematology education and make the conventional lecture and laboratory format obsolete. Patient care is enhanced by the transmission of digital images to other individuals for consultation and education, and by the inclusion of these images in patient care documents. In research laboratories, digital cameras are widely used to document experimental results and to obtain experimental data.
计算机和数码相机为改进血液学教育、研究及患者服务提供了一种独特的手段。使用高分辨率数码相机能够快速便捷地获取大体标本的高质量照片图像，并且已经开发出了用于显微摄影的专用数码相机。数码相机利用电荷耦合器件（CCD）或互补金属氧化物半导体（CMOS）图像传感器来测量光能，并通过额外的电路将测量到的信息转换为数字信号。由于数码相机不使用胶卷，图像可立即用于整合到网站或数字出版物中、打印、通过电子邮件传输给其他人或用于其他应用。现在有几款价格不到2500美元的出色数码单反相机，能够拍摄由超过600万像素组成的高质量图像。当在高质量彩色显示器上查看或在尺寸达11x14英寸的高质量彩色或黑白打印机上打印时，这些图像与传统胶卷图像基本无法区分。最近有几款专用数码显微摄影相机提供超过1200万像素的超高质量图像输出，并且具有低噪声电路设计，能够直接捕捉暗视野和荧光图像。病理标本的数字图像有许多应用。由于病理学是一门视觉科学，在讲座、教学讲义和电子文档中纳入高质量数字图像至关重要。一些机构已经超越了数字图像的基本应用，开发了大型电子血液学图谱、动画、音频增强的学习体验、多学科互联网会议及其他创新应用。单个微观视野的数字图像（单帧图像）目前在血液学教育中应用最为广泛，但许多相邻微观视野的单个图像可以拼接在一起，以制备“可缩放”全景图，涵盖显微镜载玻片的很大一部分，并紧密模拟通过真实显微镜进行的观察。随着计算机速度和互联网流技术的进一步发展，虚拟显微镜在病理学教育中很容易取代真实显微镜。在这十年后期，交互式沉浸式计算机体验可能会彻底改变血液学教育，并使传统的讲座和实验室形式过时。通过将数字图像传输给其他人进行咨询和教育，以及将这些图像纳入患者护理文档，可提高患者护理水平。在研究实验室中，数码相机被广泛用于记录实验结果和获取实验数据。
