Strand P, Howard B J, Aarkrog A, Balonov M, Tsaturov Y, Bewers J M, Salo A, Sickel M, Bergman R, Rissanen K
Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, 0sterås.
J Environ Radioact. 2002;60(1-2):5-21. doi: 10.1016/s0265-931x(01)00093-5.
Arctic residents, whose diets comprise a large proportion of traditional terrestrial and freshwater foodstuffs, have received the highest radiation exposures to artificial radionuclides in the Arctic. Doses to members of both the average population and selected indigenous population groups in the Arctic depend on the rates of consumption of locally-derived terrestrial and freshwater foodstuffs, including reindeer/caribou meat, freshwater fish, goat cheese, berries, mushrooms and lamb. The vulnerability of arctic populations, especially indigenous peoples, to radiocaesium deposition is much greater than for temperate populations due to the importance of terrestrial, semi-natural exposure pathways where there is high radiocaesium transfer and a long ecological half-life for this radionuclide. In contrast, arctic residents with diets largely comprising marine foodstuffs have received comparatively low radiation exposures because of the lower levels of contamination of marine organisms. Using arctic-specific information, the predicted collective dose is five times higher than that estimated by UNSCEAR for temperate areas. The greatest threats to human health and the environment posed by human and industrial activities in the Arctic are associated with the potential for accidents in the civilian and military nuclear sectors. Of most concern are the consequences of potential accidents in nuclear power plant reactors, during the handling and storage of nuclear weapons, in the decommissioning of nuclear submarines and in the disposal of spent nuclear fuel from vessels. It is important to foster a close association between risk assessment and practical programmes for the purposes of improving monitoring, formulating response strategies and implementing action plans.
北极居民的饮食中很大一部分是传统的陆地和淡水食物，他们受到北极地区人工放射性核素的辐射剂量最高。北极地区普通人群和特定原住民群体成员所受剂量取决于当地陆地和淡水食物的消费率，包括驯鹿/北美驯鹿肉、淡水鱼、山羊奶酪、浆果、蘑菇和羊肉。由于陆地、半自然暴露途径的重要性，北极地区人群，尤其是原住民，对放射性铯沉降的脆弱性远高于温带地区人群，在这些途径中放射性铯转移率高且该放射性核素的生态半衰期长。相比之下，主要以海洋食物为食的北极居民所受辐射剂量相对较低，因为海洋生物的污染水平较低。利用北极地区的特定信息，预测的集体剂量比联合国原子辐射影响科学委员会（UNSCEAR）对温带地区估计的剂量高出五倍。北极地区人类和工业活动对人类健康和环境构成的最大威胁与民用和军事核部门发生事故的可能性有关。最令人担忧的是核电站反应堆、核武器处理和储存、核潜艇退役以及船舶乏核燃料处置过程中潜在事故的后果。为了改进监测、制定应对策略和实施行动计划，促进风险评估与实际方案之间的紧密联系非常重要。
