Cooper Edwin L, Kauschke Ellen, Cossarizza Andrea
Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, UCLA, Los Angeles 90095-1763, USA.
Bioessays. 2002 Apr;24(4):319-33. doi: 10.1002/bies.10077.
Immune systems are, increasingly, being studied from comparative perspectives. The analysis of the immune-defense systems of invertebrates, such as fruit flies and earthworms, is an important part of this effort. These systems are innate, natural non-specific, non-anticipatory and non-clonal. This is in contrast to the macrophage T and B systems that characterize vertebrate adaptive immunity whose properties can be categorized as adaptive, induced, specific, anticipatory, and clonal. In this review, we will focus on the earthworm system. Earthworms, like other complex invertebrates, possess several leukocyte types and synthesize and secrete a variety of immunoprotective molecules. The system as a whole effects phagocytosis, encapsulation, agglutination, opsonization, clotting and lysis of foreign components. At least two major leukocytes, small coelomocytes, and large coelomocytes mediate lytic reactions against several targets. Destruction of tumor cells in vitro shows that phagocytosis and natural killer cell responses are distinct properties of coelomocytes. A third type, the chlorogogen cell, synthesizes and sheds effector lytic molecules. Among the lytic molecules, three have been identified and sequenced (fetidins, CCF-1, lysenin) and another has been discovered (eiseniapore), while three other molecules, H(1) H(2) H(3), share agglutinating and lysing functions. In contrast to these, Lumbricin I is the only known molecule of the earthworm system that is antimicrobial but non-lytic. Altogether the cellular and humoral components of the earthworm system function to distinguish between self and not self, dispose of internal (cancer?), damaged components and external antigens (microbes). The evolutionary context of the earthworm innate immune system is discussed at the end of this article.
免疫系统越来越多地从比较的角度进行研究。对果蝇和蚯蚓等无脊椎动物的免疫防御系统进行分析是这项工作的重要组成部分。这些系统是先天性的、天然非特异性的、非预期性的和非克隆性的。这与巨噬细胞T和B系统形成对比，后者是脊椎动物适应性免疫的特征，其特性可归类为适应性、诱导性、特异性、预期性和克隆性。在本综述中，我们将重点关注蚯蚓系统。蚯蚓与其他复杂的无脊椎动物一样，拥有几种白细胞类型，并合成和分泌多种免疫保护分子。整个系统对外来成分进行吞噬、包囊、凝集、调理、凝血和裂解。至少有两种主要的白细胞，即小体腔细胞和大体腔细胞介导针对几种靶标的裂解反应。体外肿瘤细胞的破坏表明，吞噬作用和自然杀伤细胞反应是体腔细胞的不同特性。第三种类型，即绿腺细胞，合成并释放效应裂解分子。在裂解分子中，有三种已被鉴定和测序（恶臭蛋白、CCF-1、溶菌素），另一种已被发现（蚯蚓穿孔素），而其他三种分子H(1)、H(2)、H(
