Swartzwelter Benjamin J, Mayall Craig, Alijagic Andi, Barbero Francesco, Ferrari Eleonora, Hernadi Szabolcs, Michelini Sara, Navarro Pacheco Natividad Isabel, Prinelli Alessandra, Swart Elmer, Auguste Manon
Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Liubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2021 Jun 9;11(6):1528. doi: 10.3390/nano11061528.
Many components of the innate immune system are evolutionarily conserved and shared across many living organisms, from plants and invertebrates to humans. Therefore, these shared features can allow the comparative study of potentially dangerous substances, such as engineered nanoparticles (NPs). However, differences of methodology and procedure between diverse species and models make comparison of innate immune responses to NPs between organisms difficult in many cases. To this aim, this review provides an overview of suitable methods and assays that can be used to measure NP immune interactions across species in a multidisciplinary approach. The first part of this review describes the main innate immune defense characteristics of the selected models that can be associated to NPs exposure. In the second part, the different modes of exposure to NPs across models (considering isolated cells or whole organisms) and the main endpoints measured are discussed. In this synergistic perspective, we provide an overview of the current state of important cross-disciplinary immunological models to study NP-immune interactions and identify future research needs. As such, this paper could be used as a methodological reference point for future nano-immunosafety studies.
先天免疫系统的许多组成部分在进化上是保守的，并且在从植物、无脊椎动物到人类的许多生物体中都有共享。因此，这些共享特征能够允许对潜在危险物质进行比较研究，比如工程纳米颗粒（NPs）。然而，不同物种和模型之间方法和程序的差异使得在许多情况下比较生物体对NPs的先天免疫反应变得困难。为此，本综述概述了一系列合适的方法和检测手段，这些方法和检测手段可用于以多学科方法测量跨物种的NP免疫相互作用。本综述的第一部分描述了所选模型中与NPs暴露相关的主要先天免疫防御特征。在第二部分中，讨论了跨模型（考虑分离的细胞或整个生物体）暴露于NPs的不同方式以及所测量的主要终点。从这种协同的角度出发，我们概述了用于研究NP-免疫相互作用的重要跨学科免疫模型的当前状态，并确定了未来的研究需求。因此，本文可作为未来纳米免疫安全性研究的方法学参考点。
