Yelnik J
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
Mov Disord. 2002;17 Suppl 3:S15-21. doi: 10.1002/mds.10138.
Four organizational levels of the basal ganglia that could be particularly determinant in terms of functional properties are reviewed: (1) macroscopic anatomy, which is characterized by a dramatic decrease of cerebral tissue volume from the cerebral cortex to the deepest portions of the basal ganglia; (2) connectivity, which consists of both complex loops and a partition into three territories, sensorimotor, associative, and limbic (which process motor, cognitive, and emotional information, respectively); (3) neuronal morphology, characterized by a dramatic numeric and geometric convergence of striatal neurons onto pallidonigral neurons; and (4) dopaminergic innervation of the basal ganglia, which is organized as a dual system that is supposed to have opposite effects on the activity of the system. Current models of the basal ganglia are discussed.
（1）宏观解剖结构，其特征是从大脑皮层到基底神经节最深部分的脑组织体积急剧减少；（2）连接性，它由复杂的环路以及划分为三个区域（感觉运动区、联合区和边缘区，分别处理运动、认知和情感信息）组成；（3）神经元形态，其特征是纹状体神经元在数量和几何形状上急剧汇聚到苍白球黑质神经元上；（4）基底神经节的多巴胺能神经支配，它被组织成一个双重系统，被认为对该系统的活动具有相反的作用。本文还讨论了当前的基底神经节模型。
