Malchaire J, Kampmann B, Mehnert P, Gebhardt H, Piette A, Havenith G, Holmér I, Parsons K, Alfano G, Griefahn B
Unité Hygiène et Physiologie du Travail, Université catholique de Louvain, Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs, Brussels, Belgium.
Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2002 Mar;75(3):153-62. doi: 10.1007/s004200100287.
To co-ordinate the work of the main European research teams in the field of thermal factors in order to develop and improve significantly the methods presently available for assessing the risks of heat disorders encountered during work in hot conditions.
Each item from the required sweat rate model was reviewed on the basis of the most recent literature. A database with 1,113 laboratory and field experiments, covering the whole range of hot working conditions, was assembled and used for the validation.
Influence of clothing ensemble on heat exchange: methods and formulas were developed that take into account the dynamic effects associated with forced convection and the pumping effect associated with body movements and exercise. Prediction of the average skin temperature: the model used in the required sweat rate standard ISO 7933 was extended to cover more severe conditions with high radiation and high humidity and different clothing and take into account the rectal temperature for the prediction of the skin temperature. Criteria for estimating acceptable exposure times in hot work environments: criteria were reviewed and updated concerning the maximum increase in core temperature and the acceptable water loss, for acclimatised and nonacclimatised subjects. These limits are intended to protect 95% of the population. Measuring strategy: a strategy was developed to assess the risks in any working situation with varying conditions of climate, metabolic rate or clothing. A detailed methodology was developed in three stages: an "observation" method for the recognition of the conditions that might lead to thermal stress; an "analysis" method for evaluating the problem and optimising the solutions; and an "expert" method for in-depth analysis of the working situation when needed.
the different results were used to prepare a revision of the interpretation procedure proposed in the ISO standard 7933. We validated the modified approaches using the database. This involved the whole range of conditions for which the model was extended, namely conditions with high and low radiation, humidity and air velocity as well as fluctuating conditions. Based on these results, the predicted heat strain model was developed: it is presently proposed as an ISO and CEN standard.
协调欧洲主要研究团队在热因素领域的工作，以显著开发和改进目前可用于评估在高温条件下工作时遇到的热紊乱风险的方法。
根据最新文献对所需出汗率模型的每个项目进行了审查。收集了一个包含1113个实验室和现场实验的数据库，涵盖了整个高温工作条件范围，并用于验证。
服装组合对热交换的影响：开发了考虑与强制对流相关的动态效应以及与身体运动和锻炼相关的泵送效应的方法和公式。平均皮肤温度的预测：所需出汗率标准ISO 7933中使用的模型得到扩展，以涵盖辐射高、湿度高、服装不同的更恶劣条件，并在预测皮肤温度时考虑直肠温度。热工作环境中可接受暴露时间的估计标准：审查并更新了关于适应和未适应受试者的核心温度最大升高和可接受失水量的标准。这些限值旨在保护95%的人群。测量策略：制定了一种策略，以评估在气候、代谢率或服装条件不同的任何工作情况下的风险。详细的方法分三个阶段制定：一种用于识别可能导致热应激的条件的“观察”方法；一种用于评估问题并优化解决方案的“分析”方法；以及一种在需要时对工作情况进行深入分析的“专家”方法。
使用不同的结果对ISO标准7933中提出的解释程序进行修订。我们使用该数据库对修改后的方法进行了验证。这涉及模型扩展所涵盖的整个条件范围，即高辐射、低辐射、高湿度、低湿度、高风速、低风速以及波动条件。基于这些结果，开发了预测热应激模型：目前它被提议作为ISO和CEN标准。
