Vonk Roos
University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Br J Soc Psychol. 2002 Mar;41(Pt 1):157-67. doi: 10.1348/014466602165027.
This study examines whether stereotypic expectancies about the attitudes of group members (teachers vs. students) affect the attitude inferred from a series of statements. Stereotypes can produce either assimilation, contrast or no effects. Because ingroups are seen as more variable than outgroups, it is possible that assimilation is easily accomplished in ingroup members because of high category width, whereas contrast is more likely for outgroups who are seen as homogenous. Alternatively, because people are motivated to allocate cognitive resources when processing information about ingroup members, it is also possible that contrast occurs more frequently for ingroups, or that no stereotype effects emerge because the members are not stereotyped. The results indicate that both contrast and assimilation effects are stronger for outgroup than for ingroup members. It is concluded that outgroup members are categorized as either typical or atypical of their group, whereas ingroup members can also occupy intermediate positions.
本研究考察了关于群体成员（教师与学生）态度的刻板预期是否会影响从一系列陈述中推断出的态度。刻板印象可能产生同化、对比或无影响。由于内群体被视为比外群体更具多样性，所以由于类别宽度高，内群体成员中可能很容易实现同化，而对于被视为同质化的外群体，对比则更有可能出现。或者，由于人们在处理有关内群体成员的信息时会有动机分配认知资源，所以内群体中对比也可能更频繁地出现，或者由于成员没有被刻板化而不会出现刻板印象效应。结果表明，外群体的对比和同化效应都比内群体成员更强。研究得出结论，外群体成员被归类为其群体的典型或非典型，而内群体成员也可以占据中间位置。
