Dizer Halim, Fischer Birgit, Sepulveda Isabel, Loffredo Elisabetta, Senesi Nicola, Santana Fernando, Hansen Peter-D
Department of Ecotoxicology, Institute for Ecological Research and Technology, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany. halim.dizer@tu-berlin
Environ Toxicol. 2002;17(2):105-12. doi: 10.1002/tox.10038.
Several experiments were conducted to evaluate the behavior and performance of some potential endocrine disrupters (ECDs). Two in vitro screening assays, one based on MCF7-cell proliferation (E-screen test) and the other on estrogenic receptor activity [enzyme-linked receptor assay (ELRA)], were used for the tests, which were done in lysimeters 80 cm in diameter with depth of 30 cm (shallow) or 90 cm (deep). A sandy soil was used to fill in all lysimeters, which were spiked on the surface with either: (a) a sewage sludge (SS) at a dose equivalent to 20 tons ha-1; (b) a mixture of reference ECDs, comprising 17 alpha- and 17 beta-estradiol (E2), nonylphenol, octylphenol, and bisphenol A at doses 100 times higher than the maximum concentrations respectively found in the applied SS; or (c) a mixture of ECDs and SS. After percolation of the lysimeters with rain and/or artificial water, five leachates were sampled from each lysimeter during a period of 210 days. Immediately after the lysimeter percolation experiments, four and six soil fractions were dissected from, respectively, the 30-cm and 90-cm lysimeters and extracted by water. Both the leachate and soil extract samples were analyzed for their estrogenicity using the assays indicated above. The E-screen assay was highly sensitive only for some leachate and extract samples but gave no response for most leachates and soil extracts. The results of the ELRA assay suggests a significantly higher estrogenicity of leachate samples from shallow lysimeters compared with that of leachates from deep lysimeters. In contrast, the estrogenic effect measured for soil extracts of shallow lysimeters was lower than that measured for soil extracts of deep lysimeters. The results of the E-screen assay suggests the occurrence of a fast mobilization of applied ECDs and a moderate retardation effect of native ECDs contained in applied SS in the sandy soil used in the lysimeters. In lysimeters spiked with a mixture of SS and ECDs, the washing-out effect of ECDs in the first leachate fraction decreased, but the distribution of ECDs in the lysimeters increased. The relatively high estrogenic impact measured for soil water extracts suggests that the ECDs were mostly associated with water-soluble fractions of organic matter and/or water-suspended fractions of the mineral soil matrix. The application of SS to agricultural and forest fields may determine the immobilization of ECDs in soil or their movement to surface and/or groundwater. Therefore, an endocrine risk of exposure exists for the water and soil organisms.
进行了多项实验以评估一些潜在内分泌干扰物（ECDs）的行为和性能。使用了两种体外筛选试验，一种基于MCF7细胞增殖（E-筛选试验），另一种基于雌激素受体活性[酶联受体测定（ELRA）]，试验在直径80厘米、深度为30厘米（浅）或90厘米（深）的渗漏计中进行。所有渗漏计都用沙土填充，并在表面添加以下物质：（a）相当于20吨公顷-1剂量的污水污泥（SS）；（b）参考ECDs的混合物，包括17α-和17β-雌二醇（E2）、壬基酚、辛基酚和双酚A，其剂量分别比在所施用的SS中发现的最大浓度高100倍；或（c）ECDs和SS的混合物。在用雨水和/或人工水对渗漏计进行渗滤后，在210天内从每个渗漏计中采集了5份渗滤液样本。在渗漏计渗滤实验刚结束后，分别从30厘米和90厘米的渗漏计中取出4份和6份土壤部分，用水进行提取。使用上述试验对渗滤液和土壤提取物样本的雌激素活性进行了分析。E-筛选试验仅对一些渗滤液和提取物样本高度敏感，但对大多数渗滤液和土壤提取物没有反应。ELRA试验结果表明，浅层渗漏计的渗滤液样本的雌激素活性明显高于深层渗漏计的渗滤液。相比之下，浅层渗漏计土壤提取物的雌激素效应低于深层渗漏计土壤提取物的雌激素效应。E-筛选试验结果表明，所施用的ECDs快速迁移，且在所使用的沙土中，所施用的SS中含有的天然ECDs具有中等程度的阻滞作用。在添加了SS和ECDs混合物的渗漏计中，第一份渗滤液部分中ECDs的洗脱效应降低，但ECDs在渗漏计中的分布增加。对土壤水提取物测得的相对较高的雌激素影响表明，ECDs主要与有机物质的水溶性部分和/或矿质土壤基质的水悬浮部分相关。将SS施用于农业和林业田地可能会决定ECDs在土壤中的固定或其向地表水和/或地下水的移动。因此，水和土壤生物存在内分泌暴露风险。
