Horn Robert R, Williams A Mark, Scott Mark A
Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK.
J Sports Sci. 2002 Mar;20(3):253-69. doi: 10.1080/026404102317284808.
In this study, we examined the visual search strategies used during observation of video and point-light display models. We also assessed the relative effectiveness of video and point-light models in facilitating the learning of task outcomes and movement patterns. Twenty-one female novice soccer players were divided equally into video, point-light display and no-model (control) groups. Participants chipped a soccer ball onto a target area from which radial and variable error scores were taken. Kinematic data were also recorded using an opto-electrical system. Both a pre- and post-test were performed, interspersed with three periods of acquisition and observation of the model. A retention test was completed 2 days after the post-test. There was a significant main effect for test period for outcome accuracy and variability, but observation of a model did not facilitate outcome-based learning. Participants observing the models acquired a global movement pattern that was closer to that of the model than the controls, although they did not acquire the local relations in the movement pattern, evidenced by joint range of motion and angle-angle plots. There were no significant differences in learning between the point-light display and video groups. The point-light display model group used a more selective visual search pattern than the video model group, while both groups became more selective with successive trials and observation periods. The results are discussed in the context of Newell's hierarchy of coordination and control and Scully and Newell's visual perception perspective.
在本研究中，我们考察了在观察视频和点光显示模型期间所使用的视觉搜索策略。我们还评估了视频模型和点光模型在促进任务结果学习和运动模式学习方面的相对有效性。21名女性新手足球运动员被平均分为视频组、点光显示组和无模型（对照组）。参与者将足球踢到一个目标区域，从中获取径向误差分数和可变误差分数。还使用光电系统记录了运动学数据。进行了前测和后测，并穿插三个模型习得和观察阶段。后测两天后完成了留存测试。对于结果准确性和变异性，测试阶段存在显著的主效应，但观察模型并未促进基于结果的学习。观察模型的参与者获得了一种整体运动模式，与对照组相比，该模式更接近模型的运动模式，尽管他们并未习得运动模式中的局部关系，这通过关节活动范围和角度-角度图得以证明。点光显示组和视频组在学习方面没有显著差异。点光显示模型组比视频模型组使用了更具选择性的视觉搜索模式，而两组在连续试验和观察阶段中都变得更具选择性。我们将在纽厄尔的协调与控制层次理论以及斯卡利和纽厄尔的视觉感知观点的背景下讨论这些结果。
