Plyusnin A
Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.
Arch Virol. 2002 Apr;147(4):665-82. doi: 10.1007/s007050200017.
Hantaviruses (genus Hantavirus, family Bunyaviridae) represent a prime example of emerging viruses. Since isolation of the prototype Hantaan virus in the late 70s more than 20 new species have been described and the number is increasing fast thus demanding for a more refined classification. Taking into account that hantaviruses are difficult to isolate in cell culture, one should not be surprised that most of the "newcomers" were first described as distinct hantavirus genotypes. Moreover, the only "solid" characteristics of many hantavirus species still exist in the form of nucleotide sequences of their genome. The relatively short history of hantavirology can thus be taken to illustrate how genetics can contribute to (and even, perhaps, dominate) discovery, characterization and classification of viruses. In this review the following aspects of hantavirus genetics are discussed: (i) genome structure; (ii) genetic diversity and evolution; and (iii) use of genetic criteria in current taxonomy of hantaviruses. In addition, several examples of classification of hantavirus species (New York virus, Saaremaa virus and Hokkaido virus) are given, and future prospects are analyzed.
汉坦病毒（汉坦病毒属，布尼亚病毒科）是新兴病毒的典型例子。自70年代末分离出原型汉滩病毒以来，已描述了20多种新物种，而且这个数字还在迅速增加，因此需要更精细的分类。考虑到汉坦病毒很难在细胞培养中分离，大多数“新成员”最初被描述为不同的汉坦病毒基因型也就不足为奇了。此外，许多汉坦病毒物种唯一“可靠”的特征仍然以其基因组核苷酸序列的形式存在。因此，汉坦病毒学相对较短的历史可以用来说明遗传学如何有助于（甚至可能主导）病毒的发现、特征描述和分类。在这篇综述中，将讨论汉坦病毒遗传学的以下几个方面：（i）基因组结构；（ii）遗传多样性和进化；（iii）遗传标准在当前汉坦病毒分类学中的应用。此外，还给出了汉坦病毒物种分类的几个例子（纽约病毒、萨雷马病毒和北海道病毒），并分析了未来前景。
