Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, 915 Camino de Salud, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
J Mol Biol. 2022 Mar 30;434(6):167230. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167230. Epub 2021 Sep 4.
The genus Orthohantavirus (family Hantaviridae, order Bunyavirales) consists of numerous genetic and pathologically distinct viral species found within rodent and mammalian insectivore populations world-wide. Although reservoir hosts experience persistent asymptomatic infection, numerous rodent-borne orthohantaviruses cause severe disease when transmitted to humans, with case-fatality rates up to 40%. The first isolation of an orthohantavirus occurred in 1976 and, since then, the field has made significant progress in understanding the immune correlates of disease, viral interactions with the human innate immune response, and the immune kinetics of reservoir hosts. Much still remains elusive regarding the molecular mechanisms of orthohantavirus recognition by the innate immune response and viral antagonism within the reservoir host, however. This review provides a summary of the last 45 years of research into orthohantavirus interaction with the host innate immune response. This summary includes discussion of current knowledge involving human, non-reservoir rodent, and reservoir innate immune responses to viruses which cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus cardio-pulmonary syndrome. Review of the literature concludes with a brief proposition for the development of novel tools needed to drive forward investigations into the molecular mechanisms of innate immune activation and consequences for disease outcomes in the various hosts for orthohantaviruses.
正汉坦病毒属（汉坦病毒科，布尼亚病毒目）由许多在全世界啮齿动物和哺乳动物食虫动物种群中发现的具有不同遗传和病理特征的病毒种组成。尽管储存宿主经历持续的无症状感染，但当许多啮齿动物传播的正汉坦病毒传播给人类时，会导致严重疾病，病死率高达 40%。第一个正汉坦病毒的分离发生在 1976 年，自那时以来，该领域在理解疾病的免疫相关性、病毒与人类先天免疫反应的相互作用以及储存宿主的免疫动力学方面取得了重大进展。然而，关于先天免疫反应对正汉坦病毒的识别以及储存宿主内病毒拮抗的分子机制，仍有许多未知之处。这篇综述提供了过去 45 年对正汉坦病毒与宿主先天免疫反应相互作用的研究总结。该综述包括对涉及引起肾综合征出血热和汉坦病毒心肺综合征的人类、非储存宿主啮齿动物和储存宿主先天免疫反应的现有知识的讨论。文献综述以对开发新型工具的简要建议结束，这些工具需要推动对先天免疫激活的分子机制以及各种正汉坦病毒宿主的疾病结果的研究。
