Gambichler Thilo, Altmeyer Peter, Hoffmann Klaus
Department of Dermatology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany.
Recent Results Cancer Res. 2002;160:55-61. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-59410-6_8.
Based on spectrophotometric measurements and mathematical calculations, the ultraviolet (UV) protection factor of a textile is determined in vitro. This technique is the most established test method for the determination of UV protection of a garment. However, the validity and practicality of the in vitro UV protection factor (UPF) determined in the laboratory has been a controversial issue with regard to its significance in the field. Several studies have verified the in vitro UPF by comparing it with various in vivo test protocols using solar-simulated radiation for the determination of the minimal erythema dose. The data inconsistency between these studies is certainly due to different methodology. Furthermore, UV dosimetry is a suitable method for quantifying UV transmission through a garment. Chemical dosimeters (e.g. polysulfone films) and biological UV detector films have been used in in vivo-simulated studies in the form of small portable badges monitoring solar UV transmittance through garments on manikins and mobile subjects. As sunlight consists to a considerable extent of diffuse radiation, which is more scattered and absorbed by the fabric than direct radiation, UPF values obtained by measurements in real exposure situations are usually higher than those obtained by conventional in vitro and in vivo testing with collimated radiation beams. Thus the discrepancy between laboratory-based testing and field-based measurements may be due to different radiation geometry of UV sources. Taken together, the in vitro method is the most practicable and inexpensive method for routine measurements of UPF, but dosimetry seems to be a highly useful method for determining the UPF in real exposure situations.
基于分光光度测量和数学计算，纺织品的紫外线（UV）防护系数在体外被测定。该技术是测定服装紫外线防护最成熟的测试方法。然而，在实验室中测定的体外紫外线防护系数（UPF）在实际应用中的有效性和实用性，在其实际意义方面一直是个有争议的问题。几项研究通过将体外UPF与各种使用太阳模拟辐射测定最小红斑剂量的体内测试方案进行比较，验证了体外UPF。这些研究之间的数据不一致肯定是由于方法不同。此外，紫外线剂量测定是一种量化紫外线透过服装情况的合适方法。化学剂量计（如聚砜薄膜）和生物紫外线检测薄膜已用于体内模拟研究，以小型便携式徽章的形式监测人体模型和移动受试者身上服装的太阳紫外线透过率。由于阳光在很大程度上由漫射辐射组成，漫射辐射比直射辐射更容易被织物散射和吸收，在实际暴露情况下测量得到的UPF值通常高于通过准直辐射束进行的传统体外和体内测试得到的UPF值。因此，基于实验室的测试与基于现场的测量之间的差异可能是由于紫外线源的辐射几何形状不同。综上所述，体外方法是常规测量UPF最实用、最经济的方法，但剂量测定似乎是在实际暴露情况下测定UPF的一种非常有用的方法。
