Jammes Y
Poumon Coeur. 1975;31(4):165-8.
Anatomical studies of the respiratory apparatus of birds show evidences for a gas exchanging tubular system (parabronchi and air capillaries); these exchanging structures are entirely dissociated from the ventilatory drive acting on the air sacs. A "cross-current" gas exchanging system (perpendicular disposition of air and blood capillaries) allow a good wash-out of carbon dioxide (PaCO2 lower than PECO2). The great efficiency of this lung is allowed by its very large diffusive surface (ASa) and by the high values of lung specific oxygen diffusing capacity (DO2/ASa) and of O2 extraction coefficient in inspired air. The ventilatory pattern of birds is characterized by a greater tidal volume and a smaller respiratory frequency than in mammals of same weight. Respiratory centers of birds receive afferences from lung stretch receptors, CO2-sensitive lung receptors and arterial chemoreceptors.
对鸟类呼吸器官的解剖学研究表明，存在一个气体交换管状系统（平行支气管和空气毛细血管）的证据；这些交换结构与作用于气囊的通气驱动完全分离。“交叉流”气体交换系统（空气和血液毛细血管的垂直排列）使得二氧化碳能够很好地排出（动脉血二氧化碳分压低于呼气末二氧化碳分压）。这种肺部的高效性得益于其非常大的扩散表面积（ASa）、肺部特定氧扩散能力（DO2/ASa）的高值以及吸入空气中的氧气提取系数。与相同体重的哺乳动物相比，鸟类的通气模式具有更大的潮气量和更小的呼吸频率。鸟类的呼吸中枢接收来自肺牵张感受器、对二氧化碳敏感的肺感受器和动脉化学感受器的传入信号。
