Shahar Ron, Banks-Sills L
Section of Surgery, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
Vet J. 2002 May;163(3):240-50. doi: 10.1053/tvjl.2001.0660.
This paper presents a three-dimensional biomechanical model of the canine hind limb, and describes the process of determining the muscle forces and joint reaction forces and moments occurring in the hind limb during three-legged stance. The model was based on anatomical and morphometric data presented in a previous paper. Equations of equilibrium were formulated for the different components of the hind limb. Since the number of unknowns exceeded the number of equations, the problem was statically indeterminate. Two optimization techniques were applied to solve this statically indeterminate problem. The resultant hip-joint reaction force (acting on the acetabulum) predicted by these optimization methods ranged between 0.73 and 1.04 times body weight, and was directed dorsally, medially and caudally. The resultant knee-joint reaction force (acting on the femur) ranged between 1.05 and 1.08 times body weight, and was directed dorsally, laterally and cranially. The largest muscle forces predicted by the minimization of maximal muscle stress (MMMS) criterion were in the biceps femoris (0.24 times body weight), rectus femoris (0.15 times body weight), medial gluteal (0.18 times body weight), semi-membranosus (0.09 times body weight), the lateral and intermediate vastus (0.18 times body weight) and the medial vastus (0.17 times body weight). The largest muscle forces predicted by the minimization of the sum of muscle forces (MSMF) criterion were in the biceps femoris (0.29 times body weight), lateral and intermediate vastus (0.45 times body weight)), and the deep gluteal (0.16 times body weight). The magnitudes and directions of the forces in the joints of the canine hind limb, as well as in the muscles that surround these joints, provide a database needed for future biomechanical analyses of the physiology and pathophysiology of the canine hind limb.
本文提出了犬后肢的三维生物力学模型，并描述了确定三足站立时后肢中产生的肌肉力、关节反作用力和力矩的过程。该模型基于先前一篇论文中呈现的解剖学和形态测量数据。为后肢的不同组成部分制定了平衡方程。由于未知数的数量超过了方程的数量，该问题是静不定的。应用了两种优化技术来解决这个静不定问题。这些优化方法预测的髋关节合力（作用于髋臼）在体重的0.73至1.04倍之间，方向为背侧、内侧和尾侧。膝关节合力（作用于股骨）在体重的1.05至1.08倍之间，方向为背侧、外侧和头侧。通过最大肌肉应力最小化（MMMS）标准预测的最大肌肉力出现在股二头肌（体重的0.24倍）、股直肌（体重的0.15倍）、臀中肌（体重的0.18倍）、半膜肌（体重的0.09倍）、股外侧肌和股中间肌（体重的0.18倍）以及股内侧肌（体重的0.17倍）中。通过肌肉力总和最小化（MSMF）标准预测的最大肌肉力出现在股二头肌（体重的0.29倍）、股外侧肌和股中间肌（体重的0.45倍）以及臀深肌（体重的0.16倍）中。犬后肢关节以及围绕这些关节的肌肉中的力的大小和方向，为未来犬后肢生理学和病理生理学的生物力学分析提供了所需的数据库。
