Lampinen J M, Neuschatz J S, Payne D G
State University of New York, Binghamton, USA.
Psychon Bull Rev. 1999 Mar;6(1):130-5. doi: 10.3758/bf03210820.
When lists of related words are presented to subjects, they sometimes recall or recognize nonpresented words related to those lists (critical lures). In fact, subjects sometimes claim to remember which of two speakers said the critical lures. We examined whether this finding could be accounted for by demand characteristics. If subjects' willingness to make source attributions to critical lures reflects experimental demand, one would predict that subjects should be willing to change and should havelittle confidence in these attributions. Subjects made more attributions, were less likely to change their attributions, and were more confident in their attributions for critical lures than for unrelated distractors. Subjects had even more confidence in the attributions that they made for words that had actually been presented, and they were even less likely to change these attributions. These findings suggest that false memories are quite compelling but that they are also subtly different from true memories.
当向受试者呈现相关词汇列表时，他们有时会回忆或识别出与这些列表相关但未呈现的词汇（关键诱饵）。事实上，受试者有时会声称记得两个说话者中是谁说出了这些关键诱饵。我们研究了这一发现是否可以用需求特征来解释。如果受试者对关键诱饵进行来源归因的意愿反映了实验需求，那么可以预测受试者应该愿意改变并且对这些归因信心不足。与无关干扰项相比，受试者对关键诱饵做出的归因更多，不太可能改变他们的归因，并且对这些归因更有信心。受试者对实际呈现的词汇所做的归因更有信心，并且更不可能改变这些归因。这些发现表明，错误记忆相当令人信服，但它们也与真实记忆存在细微差别。
