Preparative protein refolding.

The rapid provision of purified native protein underpins both structural biology and the development of new biopharmaceuticals. The dominance of Escherichia coli as a cellular biofactory depends on technology for solubilizing and refolding proteins that are expressed as insoluble inclusion bodies. Such technology must be scale invariant, easily automated, generic for a broad range of similar proteins and economical. Refolding methods relying on denaturant dilution and column-based approaches meet these criteria. Recent developments, particularly in column-based methods, promise to extend the range of proteins that can be refolded successfully. Developments in preparing denatured purified protein and in the analysis of protein refolding products promise to remove bottlenecks in the overall process. Combined, these developments promise to facilitate the rapid and automated determination of appropriate refolding conditions and to simplify scale-up.