Krasnov B R, Burdelova N V, Shenbrot G I, Khokhlova I S
Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel.
Med Vet Entomol. 2002 Sep;16(3):266-76. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2002.00374.x.
Bionomics of fleas (Siphonaptera) parasitizing rodent hosts, mostly the gerbil Gerbillus dasyurus (Wagner) and the jird Meriones crassus Sundevall (Gerbillidae), were investigated in the central Negev desert of Israel. Populations were sampled weekly (by Sherman trapping of hosts) from August 2000 to July 2001. Among 1055 fleas of nine species captured, four species predominated (94%). Two species of Pulicidae, Xenopsylla dipodilli Smit and X. ramesis (Rothschild), reproduced perennially, whereas adults of Nosopsyllus iranus theodori Smit (Ceratophyllidae) and Stenoponia tripectinata medialis Jordan (Hystrichopsyllidae) occurred only in cool months (October-March). During their main activity season on the most infested host species (estimated from > 300 trap-nights/month), prevalence of these four flea species reached 40-70%, 20-30%, 100% and 50-70%, respectively, with infestation intensities of 2-2.7, 7-12, 2-3.5 and 2.5-7 fleas per infested rodent, respectively. Xenopsylla dipodilli oviposition peaked during autumn with parous rate > 80% by September-October. During December-April, the majority of X. dipodilli females were immature and/or nulliparous (defined as having mature ovaries but no follicular relics). In contrast, X. ramesis had two reproductive peaks, in mid-spring and autumn, evidenced by the influx of immature females in late spring and summer (30-40%) and in winter (20-30%) after maximal parous rates: 80-100% in March-April and 95-100% in October-November. Nosopsyllus iranus theodori and Stenoponia tripectinata medialis adults occurred only during cool months. At the beginning of activity, during October-November, the sex ratio of N. i. theodori was strongly biased to females (86%) that were immature and/or nulliparous. In winter, adult females were 52-65% parous and 10-32% immature. In March, as the adult population of N. i. theodori declined, 78% of females were parous and 12% immature. Seasonal activity of S. t. medialis (November-March) was shorter than for the other three species; females were predominantly nulliparous in November (80%), after which the proportion of parous females increased gradually to 84% in February. Two females of S. t. medialis collected in March were mature but nulliparous, suggesting that this species of flea might 'oversummer' (as pupae or teneral adults) in the cocooned stage.
对寄生于啮齿动物宿主（主要是南非小沙鼠Gerbillus dasyurus (Wagner)和肥尾心颅跳鼠Meriones crassus Sundevall，均属沙鼠科）身上的跳蚤（蚤目）生物学特性进行了研究，研究地点位于以色列内盖夫沙漠中部。2000年8月至2001年7月期间，每周（通过用谢尔曼诱捕器捕获宿主）对种群进行采样。在捕获的属于9个物种的1055只跳蚤中，4个物种占主导地位（94%）。蚤科的2个物种，即史密斯双蚤Xenopsylla dipodilli和印鼠客蚤X. ramesis (Rothschild)，全年繁殖，而伊朗新蚤Nosopsyllus iranus theodori Smit（角叶蚤科）和窄臀蚤Stenoponia tripectinata medialis Jordan（鬃眼蚤科）的成虫仅出现在凉爽月份（10月至次年3月）。在它们对感染最严重的宿主物种的主要活动季节（根据每月超过300个诱捕夜估算），这4种跳蚤的感染率分别达到40 - 70%、20 - 30%、100%和50 - 70%，每只感染啮齿动物身上的感染强度分别为2 - 2.7只、7 - 12只、2 - 3.5只和2.5 - 7只跳蚤。史密斯双蚤的产卵在秋季达到峰值，到9 - 10月时经产率超过80%。在12月至次年4月期间，大多数史密斯双蚤雌蚤未成熟和/或未生育（定义为卵巢成熟但无卵泡遗迹）。相比之下，印鼠客蚤有两个繁殖高峰，分别在仲春和秋季，证据是在春季末和夏季（30 - 40%）以及冬季（20 - 30%）出现未成熟雌蚤的涌入，此前经产率达到最高：3 - 4月为80 - 100%，10 - 11月为95 - 100%。伊朗新蚤和窄臀蚤的成虫仅在凉爽月份出现。在活动开始时，即10 - 11月期间，伊朗新蚤的性别比例严重偏向雌蚤（86%），这些雌蚤未成熟和/或未生育。在冬季，成年雌蚤的经产率为52 - 65%，未成熟率为10 - 32%。在3月，随着伊朗新蚤成虫数量减少，78%的雌蚤已生育，12%未成熟。窄臀蚤的季节性活动（11月至次年3月）比其他3个物种短；11月时雌蚤主要未生育（80%），之后经产雌蚤的比例逐渐增加，到2月时达到84%。3月收集的2只窄臀蚤雌蚤已成熟但未生育,这表明这种跳蚤可能以茧蛹或羽化初期成虫的形式“度过夏天。
