Langford I H, Leyland A H, Rasbash J, Goldstein H
J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat. 1999;48(2):253-68. doi: 10.1111/1467-9876.00153.
"Multilevel modelling is used on problems arising from the analysis of spatially distributed health data. We use three applications to demonstrate the use of multilevel modelling in this area. The first concerns small area all-cause mortality rates from Glasgow where spatial autocorrelation between residuals is examined. The second analysis is of prostate cancer cases in Scottish counties where we use a range of models to examine whether the incidence is higher in more rural areas. The third develops a multiple-cause model in which deaths from cancer and cardiovascular disease in Glasgow are examined simultaneously in a spatial model. We discuss some of the issues surrounding the use of complex spatial models and the potential for future developments."
多水平模型用于分析空间分布的健康数据时出现的问题。我们通过三个应用来展示多水平模型在该领域的使用。第一个应用涉及格拉斯哥小区域全因死亡率，其中检验了残差之间的空间自相关性。第二个分析是关于苏格兰各郡的前列腺癌病例，我们使用一系列模型来检验在更偏远地区发病率是否更高。第三个应用构建了一个多病因模型，其中在空间模型中同时检验了格拉斯哥癌症和心血管疾病导致的死亡情况。我们讨论了围绕复杂空间模型使用的一些问题以及未来发展的潜力。
