Greydanus Donald E, Patel Dilip R
Pediatrics Program, Michigan State University, Kalamazoo Center for Medical Studies, 49008-1284, USA.
Pediatr Clin North Am. 2002 Aug;49(4):829-55. doi: 10.1016/s0031-3955(02)00021-4.
A well-balanced diet with appropriate training is the key to maximizing athletic performance. Nutritional counseling should be an essential part of anticipatory guidance, especially for certain teens, such as those who are vegetarians or those with low-calorie intakes. Other considerations for anticipatory guidance are listed in Box 8. Adequate hydration before, during, and after practice or a game is important to maintain hemodynamic balance, prevent heat disorders, and optimize performance. Cool water is adequate for short-duration activities, while carbohydrate-electrolyte fluids are more desirable for long-term activities, especially those lasting more than an hour. Such drinks are also more palatable and the athlete is more likely to consume them. Carbohydrates (meaning hydrates of carbon) are an important part of the athlete's diet; carbohydrates are rapidly broken down and their energy is quickly supplied to the body. The body stores only a small amount of carbohydrates in the form of glycogen in the liver, while muscle glycogen is an immediate source of energy. Thus, carbohydrate loading has been used to increase glycogen stores and aid the athlete involved in endurance events.
均衡饮食与适当训练是最大限度提高运动表现的关键。营养咨询应成为预期指导的重要组成部分，尤其是对于某些青少年，比如素食者或热量摄入较低的青少年。预期指导的其他注意事项列于方框8中。在训练或比赛前、中、后充分补水对于维持血液动力学平衡、预防热紊乱及优化表现很重要。对于短时间活动，凉水就足够了，而对于长时间活动，尤其是持续超过一小时的活动，碳水化合物电解质饮料更适宜。这类饮料也更可口，运动员更有可能饮用。碳水化合物（即碳的水合物）是运动员饮食的重要组成部分；碳水化合物能迅速分解，其能量能快速供应给身体。身体仅以糖原的形式在肝脏中储存少量碳水化合物，而肌肉糖原是能量的直接来源。因此，碳水化合物负荷已被用于增加糖原储备，并帮助参与耐力项目的运动员。
