Muma J R
J Speech Hear Disord. 1975 Aug;40(3):296-309. doi: 10.1044/jshd.4003.296.
Communication entails much more than formulating a linguistic code to map underlying intents. It entails the utilization of a role-taking attitude in reconciling communicative obstacles that arise from significant speaker-listener discrepancies in form or code, reference or representation, and license or acceptability. Young children communicate in a "talk to" fashion that essentially is issuing or dumping messages. As role-taking attitudes become acquired, communicative efforts change from merely dumping messages to active resolution of communicative obstacles in an effort to achieve the message of best fit for a particular situation.
沟通所涉及的远不止是制定一种语言代码来映射潜在意图。它需要运用一种换位思考的态度，以调和因说话者与倾听者在形式或代码、指代或表述以及许可或可接受性方面存在重大差异而产生的沟通障碍。幼儿以一种“对……说话”的方式进行交流，本质上就是在发布或倾诉信息。随着换位思考的态度逐渐形成，沟通努力从仅仅倾诉信息转变为积极解决沟通障碍，以便在特定情境中传达最恰当的信息。
